Activity

We also demonstrate that the matrix effect on Mg isotopes in carbonates with low Fe and Mn is limited to less than 0.2‰ fractionation under different laser parameters and low oxide condition (<0.3% ThO/Th).

Our newly developed LA-MC-ICPMS method and its applications to biogenic carbonates show significant advantages provided by the microanalytical approach in understanding complex processes of biomineralisation in marine calcifiers.

Our newly developed LA-MC-ICPMS method and its applications to biogenic carbonates show significant advantages provided by the microanalytical approach in understanding complex processes of biomineralisation in marine calcifiers.

The aim of the present study was to examine the vaccine immune response in ewes supplemented with Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112

during a period of 5-day supplementation before vaccination against a recombinant Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (rETX).

Ewes were vaccinated with 200µg of rETX adjuvanted with 10% aluminium hydroxide. The treat group was orally supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112

(3×10

viable spores) for 5days prior to the first and second vaccination. Ewes supplemented with B. toyonensis BCT-7112

showed higher neutralizing antibody titres than the non-supplemented ewes (P<0·05), with an increase in serum levels for total IgG anti-rETX by 3·2-fold (P<0·0001), and for both IgG isotypes IgG1 and IgG2 by 2·1-fold and 2·3-fold (P<0·01), respectively, compared with the control group. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of ewes in the supplemented group had a higher (P<0·05) cytokine mRNA transcription levels for IL-2 (6·4-fold increase), IFN-γ (2·9-fold increase) and transcription factor Bcl6 (2·3-fold increase) compared with the control group.

We conclude that a 5days of supplementation with B. toyonensis BCT-7112

prior vaccination is sufficient to significantly improve the humoral immune response of ewes against C. perfringens recombinant ETX vaccine.

These findings open a new perspective in the utilization of B. toyonensis BCT-7112

as an immunomodulator since a 5days period of probiotic supplementation is sufficient to improve the vaccine immune response.

These findings open a new perspective in the utilization of B. see more toyonensis BCT-7112T as an immunomodulator since a 5 days period of probiotic supplementation is sufficient to improve the vaccine immune response.In a healthy person, metabolically quiescent T lymphocytes (T cells) circulate between lymph nodes and peripheral tissues in search of antigens. Upon infection, some T cells will encounter cognate antigens followed by proliferation and clonal expansion in a context-dependent manner, to become effector T cells. These events are accompanied by changes in cellular metabolism, known as metabolic reprogramming. The magnitude and variation of metabolic reprogramming are, in addition to antigens, dependent on factors such as nutrients and oxygen to ensure host survival during various diseases. Herein, we describe how metabolic programmes define T cell subset identity and effector functions. In addition, we will discuss how metabolic programs can be modulated and affect T cell activity in health and disease using cancer and autoimmunity as examples.The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer’s training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer’s training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real-life observation of the swimmers’ training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.We read with interest the letter to the editor by Oynur et al., we agree that the substantial difference in the interferon (IFN) treatment duration between the two cohorts may have caused difference in some results.(1,2) As we have pointed out in the discussion section of our study, the median duration of 8.7 months was shorter than the currently recommended duration of at least 48 weeks according to guideline of European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL).Particulate matter (PM, especially PM2.5 with diameter 2.5 microns) has been regarded as the major air pollutant. Negative air ions (NAIs) could electrically charge PM and remove it much more efficiently. In this study, a bio-generator of NAIs has been developed, which helps plants to generate NAIs at around 100 × 106 ions/cm3 under pulsed electrical field (PEF) treatment. By using the bio-generator, PM2.5 concentration in a growth chamber could be reduced from around 500 to near 0 µg/m3 within 5 minutes. It could also be used to remove continuously generated PM. Upon PEF treatment, genes encoding oxidoreductases and other enzymes were up-regulated, some of which might contribute to the generation of superoxide anions (one of NAIs). On the other hand, the emission of large numbers of electrons from the surface/edge of plant leaves has been detected upon PEF treatment and these electrons might be captured by surrounding air molecules to generate high concentration of NAIs.