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In this study, we aimed to offer a conceptualization of positive body image during adolescence and psychometrically examine a new scale developed to measure this conceptualization. A literature review on positive body image and adolescence was conducted, which shaped the development of the Positive Body Image among Adolescents Scale (PBIAS). In Study 1, four focus groups (totaling 14 adolescents) from Belgium explored the content, clarity, and applicability of the PBIAS items. In Study 2, an exploratory factor analysis (N = 565; Mage = 14.9, 63.8 % girls) revealed 4 factors body self-appreciation, body other-appreciation, resilience against media body ideals, and resilience against negative appearance feedback. This 4-factor structure was confirmed in Study 3 (N = 718; Mage = 15.2, 50.4 % girls), and gender invariance was upheld. The test-retest reliability of the PBIAS scores was partially supported in Study 4 (N = 309, Mage = 15.3, 66.3 % girls). Across studies, internal consistency was supported and construct validity (convergent and incremental) evidence was garnered. Further, the PBIAS was translated from Dutch to English to offer researchers an option for collecting data in English-speaking countries. Overall, the PBIAS is a brief measure with psychometric support that assesses four dimensions of adolescent positive body image.

Improve understanding of the links between biological variables (sex, body size and anatomical position) and adaptive remodelling of autopodia, and the identification of traction use in the archaeological record.

A modified version of the recording system for identifying draught cattle in the archaeological record (Bartosiewicz et al., 1997) was applied to a sample of 1509 bones from six sites from medieval England. Analysis focused on identifying correlations between pathological and sub-pathological changes in lower-limb bones in relation to anatomy, sex and body mass.

A correlation between sex, body mass and lower limb bone changes was demonstrated. The need to consider anterior and posterior limb bone elements separately to maximise the potential for identifying cattle used for traction was identified. Changes in hindlimb elements were highlighted as the most useful indicator of draught use.

This study provides new, detailed evidence for a previously poorly understood correlation between the effects of anatomical position, sex and body size and the nature of skeletal changes traditionally associated with draught cattle. It pulls together findings and makes comprehensive suggestions for future studies.

This is a purely methodological paper. Although general results are presented, there is insufficient space to include a full case study. This will be published separately within the results of the FeedSax project.

Future studies into the use of cattle for draught purposes in the past should take in to account the sex and size of the animals under consideration, and analyse anterior and posterior elements separately.

Future studies into the use of cattle for draught purposes in the past should take in to account the sex and size of the animals under consideration, and analyse anterior and posterior elements separately.

This paper will review how different methods employed to study bone loss in the past were used to explore different questions and aspects of bone loss, how methodology has changed over time, and how these different approaches have informed our understanding of bone loss in the past.

A review and discussion is conducted on research protocols and results of 84 paleopathology publications on bone loss in archaeological skeletal collections published between 1969 and 2021.

The variety in research protocols confounds accurate meta-analysis of previously published research; however, more recent publications incorporate a combination of bone mass and bone quality based methods. Biased sample selection has resulted in a predominance of European and Medieval publications, limiting more general observations on bone loss in the past. Collection of dietary or paleopathological covariables is underemployed in the effort to interpret bone loss patterns.

Paleopathology publications have demonstrated differences in by and operational definitions of osteoporosis in skeletal remains, as well as the expansion of time scale and geographical areas studied. selleck compound The Next-Generation Sequencing revolution has also opened up the possibility of ancient DNA analyses to study genetic predisposition to bone loss in the past.Aging is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As metabolic alterations are a hallmark of aging and have previously been observed in ALS, it is important to examine the effect of aging in the context of ALS metabolic function. Here, using a newly established phenotypic metabolic approach, we examined the effect of aging on the metabolic profile of fibroblasts derived from ALS cases compared to controls. We found that ALS fibroblasts have an altered metabolic profile, which is influenced by age. In control cases, we found significant increases with age in NADH metabolism in the presence of several metabolites including lactic acid, trehalose, uridine and fructose, which was not recapitulated in ALS cases. Conversely, we found a reduction of NADH metabolism with age of biopsy, age of onset and age of death in the presence of glycogen in the ALS cohort. Furthermore, we found that NADH production correlated with disease progression rates in relation to a number of metabolites including inosine and α-ketoglutaric acid. Inosine or α-ketoglutaric acid supplementation in ALS fibroblasts was bioenergetically favourable. Overall, we found aging related defects in energy substrates that feed carbon into glycolysis at various points as well as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in ALS fibroblasts, which was validated in induced neuronal progenitor cell derived iAstrocytes. Our results suggest that supplementing those pathways may protect against age related metabolic dysfunction in ALS.

Wilson disease (WD) is a chronic disorder of copper metabolism which may affect patient’s quality of life (QOL).

Our aim was to assess the relationship between mental QOL (M-QOL) and physical QOL (P-QOL) and severity of the liver, neurological disease and mental health in patients with WD.

At enrollment into our multisite international WD registry, adults (n= 62) were administered examinations assessing QOL (Short-Form 12-Item Health Survey), cognition, and mood. Patients also underwent hepatology and neurological assessments.

Patients had lower M-QOL than P-QOL scores, P= 0.0006. Patients with major depressive disorder (n= 22) had worse M-QOL scores, P= 0.0017 but not P-QOL. We found no association with impaired cognition (n= 37) and QOL. The P-QOL scores have a moderate negative association with neurological disease severity based on the Unified Wilson Disease Rating Scale score (total [r=-0.38, P < 0.003], part 2 [r=-0.50, P < 0.0001], and part 3 [r=-0.37, P= 0.004]). M-QOL was not associated with Unified Wilson Disease Rating Scale scores.