Activity

Polysaccharides are the most abundant bioactive compounds in Ganoderma and have been widely used as dietary supplements in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Polysaccharides from Ganoderma exhibit unique biological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Herein, the sources and structures of polysaccharides from Ganoderma were presented. This work also reviews the immunomodulatory activities and possible mechanisms of polysaccharides from Ganoderma on different immune effector cells, including lymphocytes and myeloid cells. As an available adjunctive remedy, polysaccharides from Ganoderma can potentially be applied for the modulation of the host immune system, namely the innate immunity, the cellular immunity, and the humoral immunity.The aim of this study is to monitor the evolution of the principal phenolic compounds throughout the fermentation stage of white wines treated with different enzymes. The effect of five commercial enzymes on the evolution of the phenolic profile during the alcoholic fermentation of white wines obtained from Fetească regală and Sauvignon blanc varieties was evaluated. Physicochemical properties of resulted wine samples have been analyzed according to OIV standards and regulations. The evolution of the principal phenolic compounds was carried out using HPLC method. Enzymatic treatments did not significantly affect the physicochemical composition of the obtained wines. The analyzed samples showed different variations on the phenolic compound content, depending on the type of added enzyme and grape variety. The statistical analysis confirms that enzymes significantly contributed to the enrichment of the wines with phenolic compounds, especially with p-coumaric, gentisic, caftaric, and protocatechuic acids.Studies regarding composition and evolution of oligomeric proanthocyanidin-anthocyanin adducts in red wines have often focused only on a limited number of small dimers. Now, a group-specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was utilized to measure two-dimensional (2D) chromatographic fingerprints of three different types of oligomeric adducts in commercial red wines. A new protocol was developed to visualize and summarize the chromatographic data. The 2D fingerprints showed how the compositions of the oligomeric adducts had typically only minor differences between wine varieties in young wines, excluding the Pinot Noir wines. Major quantitative differences were found between the wine varieties despite the lack of major compositional differences. The evolution of the concentrations differed between the three structural sub-groups, while similar general patterns were observed in the compositional evolution. Via statistical modelling, several characteristics in the polyphenolic starting material composition were tentatively suggested to affect the formation of the oligomeric adducts.Nanozymes are engineered nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities. Over the past decade, impressive progresses on nanozymes in biosensing have been made due to their unique advantages of high stability, low cost, and easy modification compared to natural enzymes. For many biosensors, it is critical to conjugate nanozymes to affinity ligands such as antibodies and aptamers. Since different nanomaterials have different surface properties, conjugation methods need to be compatible with these properties. In addition, the effect of biomolecules on nanozyme activity needs to be considered. In this review, we first categorized nanozyme-based biosensors into four parts, respectively describing noncovalent and covalent modifications with antibodies and aptamers. Meanwhile, recent advances in antibody and aptamer labeled nanozyme biosensors are summarized, and the methods of their conjugation are further illustrated. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives for the development and application of nanozyme bioconjugates are discussed.There is an increasing demand for fast and sensitive determination of antidepressants in human body fluids because of the present scenario of rising depression cases at the global level. A simple and sensitive voltammetric method using edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (EPPGE) as a novel sensor is presented for the determination of antidepressant fluvoxamine in urine and blood plasma samples of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. EPPGE is delineated the first time for this determination. EPPGE exhibited strong electrocatalytic activity and enhanced reduction signal towards the sensing of fluvoxamine. Fluvoxamine gave a well-defined reduction peak at ~ – 670 mV using EPPGE. The fluvoxamine reduction peak current was linear to its concentration in the range 5.00 × 10-9 – 0.1 × 10-6 mol L-1 and the limit of detection was found to be 3.5 × 10-9 mol L-1. The pre-eminence of EPPGE over mercury electrodes has been proved in terms of sensitivity and imperative analytical parameters. The pH study reveals the involvement of an equal number of electrons and protons in the reduction reaction mechanism. The frequency study indicated the adsorption controlled irreversible reaction mechanism. The stability and reproducibility of the offered sensor were also found most favorable. selleck products The interference study confirmed the optimum selectivity of the proposed sensor. The edge plane pyrolytic graphite sensing platform is recommended as a potential contender for the accurate and fast determination of fluvoxamine in depression medications as well as biological specimens of OCD patients.Because ambient ozone (O3) has fine spatial scale variability in addition to a large scale regional distribution, accurate exposure predictions for population health studies need to also capture fine spatial scale differences in exposure. To address these needs, we developed a 3-year average land use regression (LUR) and combined LUR and Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) by incorporating a national area variability LUR model for China from 2015 to 2017 along with data that take into account incompleteness of O3 monitoring data into a BME framework. Spatio-temporal kriging models that either included or did not include “soft” data were used for comparison. The final LUR model included five predictor variables road length within a 1000 m buffer, temperature, wind speed, industrial land area within a 3000 m buffer and altitude. The 1-year predicted O3 concentrations based on the ratio method moderately agreed with the measured concentration, and the regression R2 values were 0.53, 0.57 and 0.59 in the year of 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively.