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ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a time-sensitive emergency that requires swift and seamless integration of prehospital and emergency department resources in order to achieve early diagnosis and reperfusion therapy. This issue reviews the current literature on emergency department management of STEMI, including recognition of more subtle diagnoses on electrocardiogram, identification of STEMI mimics, an update on treatment therapies, and strategies to achieve more effective management of STEMI across gender and age groups.Influenza in children is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Presenting symptoms of influenza vary greatly among children; clinical presentation should be assessed for severity of illness and potential complications. Available clinical and laboratory findings should be used to guide treatment for young children with fever. Clinicians should be aware of up-to-date recommendations to diagnose and treat children with influenza and to ensure public health engagement to prevent and manage influenza epidemics. This issue reviews common complications of influenza infection, offers guidance for infection control measures, and provides evidence-based recommendations for the management of pediatric patients with influenza in the emergency department.Transcription factor ChREBP, in complex with MLX, binds to carbohydrate-response element (ChoRE) located in the promoters of genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentosephosphate pathway and lipogenesis, activating their transcription following stimulation with glucose, insulin-independently. In this article the mechanisms of ChREBP regulation and ChREBP functions under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions are described in detail. The possible use of ChREBP activity modulation as a therapeutic tool, e.g. in case of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes type 2 and cancers, is also discussed.Together with the lysosomal storage diseases, N-glycanase 1 deficiency is a congenital disorder of deglycosylation, which has been diagnosed in 27 patients, including two of them from Poland. The pathogenesis remains unknown, however, the main role is attributed to the disturbed endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation process. The most characteristic symptoms include global developmental disability, hyperkinetic movement disorder, hypo-/alacrimia, and elevated serum transaminases. CA77.1 Identification of pathogenic variants in the NGLY1 gene is required to confirm the diagnosis.Hypoxia in plants is a usually the result of heavy rainfall and the subsequent flooding. All current climate models indicate a notable increase in extreme weather over the coming years. Depending on the species and geographical location, plants have developed two distinct strategies for hypoxia stress adaptation escape and quiescence. The escape strategy involves rapid growth of part of the shoot above the water level whereas the second strategy requires a significant reduction in the metabolic rate of the plant in order to survive until the negative environmental conditions pass. These processes are primarily regulated by ethylen in addition to the transcription factor, ERF (ethylen response factor), which enables the transcription of hypoxia response genes. These processes are primarily regulated by ethylen in addition to the transcription factors, ERFs (ethylen response factors), which enables the transcription of hypoxia response genes. Most ERF genes are constitutively transcribed independently of oxygen concentration. However, post-translational modification of the N-terminus of ERFs leads to their degradation in plants growing under physiological conditions. During hypoxia there is an increase in the expression level of genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, glycolysis or anaerobic respiration. However, as shown by studies using ribosome profiling, in order to save energy, plants under hypoxic stress strongly inhibit the process of initiating translation. The regulation of gene expression under stress conditions is also influenced by the accumulation of poly(A) RNA in the cell nucleus and cytoplasmic stress granules.Despite the availability of a number of natural products, there is still a lot of highly processed food on the market. Therefore, it seems reasonable to educate society on reasonable consumption. The aim of the study was to review the literature in terms of classification, mode of action and the impact of the most commonly used food additives on the health of children and adults. Unfortunately, eating habits of both adults and children differ significantly from the recommendations presented in the healthy eating pyramid. Food additives constitute an important element of the manufacturing process, which raises much controversy. These substances may accumulate in the organism and have a negative impact on health. The present literature review indicates the necessity of taking preventive measures and promoting education in terms of proper nutrition as well as the threats resulting from the consumption of highly processed food.Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) belongs to the group of biologically active sphingolipids. Because of its ability to regulate the migration of lymphocytes, S1P constitutes an important element of pathophysiology of several diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis or inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are the group of chronic and recurrent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The most common among IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Drugs that are currently used in the therapy of IBD alleviate symptoms, improve patients’ quality of life and induce remission but their efficacy is not satisfactory. Modulators of S1P receptors constitute an emerging option in the therapy of IBD. In this review we will discuss the role of S1P, its receptor and enzymes that participate in the metabolism of S1P under physiological conditions and in the course of IBD. Moreover, we will sum up the results of preclinical and clinical studies on S1P receptors modulators in IBD.Chronic exposure to an unhealthy diet is one of the causes of civilization diseases and significantly affects the average longevity. The impact of diet on health is extremely complicated due to the chemical diversity of its composition. The diet provides over 26,000 biochemicals and even more of their metabolites. Among this diversity, three macronutrients proteins, carbohydrates and fats can be identified that provide energy, and in addition providing their metabolites. According to the latest concepts of the impact of macronutrients in diet on human health, their mutual proportions and not solely absolute quantities are of great importance. In our article we present a short discussion of our own research on this problem in relation to the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease against the background of contemporary biochemical and epidemiological literature.ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes are documented as indispensible element of epigenetic mechanisms, which control transcription. These multiprotein functional units are capable of insertion, deletion and sliding of nucleosomes at the gene regulatory elements thereby defining DNA accessibility to transcription machinery. SWI/SNF is one out of four identified and described complexes. The enzymatic role in SWI/SNF molecular “motors” is assigned to two ATP-ases BRM and BRG1. Accumulating evidence suggests the link between BRG1 and pathophysiology of some types of cancer. BRG1 has been documented as an activator of genes encoding factors responsible for i.a. proliferation, DNA repair, transmembrane transport and metabolism. Therefore, inhibitors of BRG1 and co-operating enzymes, which modulate activity of this ATP-ase or mark histones for shuttling to/from the chromatin, may turn out as an alternative to the compounds that are currently used to suppress the growth of tumors or as supplements that increase cell vulnerability to anticancer drugs.Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic disease caused by expanded CAG repeat tract in exon 1 of the HTT gene that codes for huntingtin. Since the first symptoms of the disease the average life expectancy is 15-20 years, when the symptoms resulting from neurodegeneration are progressing. Therefore, there is a great demand for an effective HD treatment method. Various therapeutic strategies are being developed based on mechanisms of gene expression silencing, including DNA editing techniques. Here, we present the most important currently tested approaches, with particular emphasis on strategies based on the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), RNA interference (RNAi) technology and CRISPR-Cas9. Currently ongoing clinical trials as well as different pharmacological agents are discussed.Relacja z “8th MITOCHONDRION in memory of Professor Lech Wojtczak”.Lipopolysaccharides synthesized by rhizobia have a various structure. Differences are observed in lipid A (considered as the most conservative part of LPS), in the core region, and in the O-specific polysaccharide. Lipids A may have different compositions of the sugar backbone and the acylation pattern. The core region of rhizobia mainly consists of hexoses, uronic acids, N-acetylquinohozamine, and Kdo, but has no heptose region typical for enterobacteria. The O-PSs may have a different structure even among strains of the same species. They are built of various monosaccharides and are often hydrophobic. An appropriate structure of LPS domains is required for establishment of an effective symbiosis between bacteria and their plant host. Changes in the structure of LPS (most often caused by mutations) resulted in a decrease in efficiency or failure of atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Complete LPS protects symbiotic bacteria penetrating plant cells and determines the proper organization and maturation of symbiosomes.

Sciatica is a common neurological condition with a wide variety of clinical specialists and allied health professionals involved, and a broad range of treatment options. We sought to assess the quality of information available on the internet.

An internet search for ‘sciatica’ was performed using ‘Google’. The first fifty links were assessed using the DISCERN instrument, a validated questionnaire for health consumers and providers.

After exclusions, 44 websites were assessed. Only 37% of sites had clear aims and objectives; 79% provided relevant information; 81% did not provide clear sources of their information; 67% had no indication of when the information was compiled or updated; 63% clarified that more than one treatment option was available; only 28% described in moderate to extensive detail how the various treatment modalities might work; only 14% informed patients of potential risks and complications for each treatment. The biased and/or unbalanced websites amounted to 40%, offering greater detail about one treatment modality over others. Overall, 93% of assessed websites did not inform patients of the consequences/natural history if no treatment were undertaken; and 91% did not describe the potential impact of treatment and how it could affect quality of life.

Despite the role that the internet plays in everyday life, information on the common and debilitating condition of sciatica is mostly of low-to-moderate quality, and with serious shortcomings. Healthcare stakeholders ought to be aware of the risks of misinformation and ensure that health-related internet website design and upkeep is guided by instruments such as DISCERN.

Despite the role that the internet plays in everyday life, information on the common and debilitating condition of sciatica is mostly of low-to-moderate quality, and with serious shortcomings. Healthcare stakeholders ought to be aware of the risks of misinformation and ensure that health-related internet website design and upkeep is guided by instruments such as DISCERN.