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6%), while evidence-based practice showed a higher rate in less-experienced to moderately experienced physical therapists (2-5 years=24.2%, 5-10 years=19.3%). Conclusion Variable responses from different sectors according to qualification, experience, and institution were observed among the physical therapists in Saudi Arabia for improving the walking capacity in patients after Stroke.Objective Age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and flexibility are factors affecting foot posture, which is poorly understood in young adults. The objective of this study is to discover the relationships among these factors. Methods 252 healthy participants (106 males, 146 females) between the ages of 18 and 25 were selected. BMI and the Foot Posture Index – 6 item version (FPI-6) were assessed, a Beighton score was obtained for each participant, and a lunge test was conducted. Results Pronated feet (indicated by an FPI-6 score of 6+ (had a weak positive correlation with Beighton score (r=0.25, p= 0.05, 95% CI [0.01 to 0.47]) and a weak negative correlation with BMI (r=0.31, p = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.52 to -0.07]). Females had a higher prevalence of pronated feet (81.75%) than males (18.75%). Conclusion There is a mild relationship between ligament laxity and foot pronation, and females are more prone to have pronated feet than males. No correlation was found between body weight and pronated feet.Objectives The present study determined time-course changes in plasma bone-specific and -related markers following a bout of maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) of bilateral knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF). Methods Sedentary young men (n=30) performed a bout of 10 sets of 10 MaxEC (30°/s) of KE and KF with each leg, respectively. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque, muscle soreness (SOR), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, insulin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), undercarboxylated-osteocalcin (ucOCN), carboxy-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) concentrations were measured from before to 7 days after MaxEC. Results Significant changes in MVC (KE -28%, KF -38%), SOR and plasma CK activity (peak 39,163 IU/L) following MaxEC were evident (P less then 0.05) compared to baseline. Plasma leptin (17%) concentrations decreased at 1 day after MaxEC. In bone related markers, plasma ucOCN concentrations (20%) increased at 7 days after MaxEC, and plasma CTX-1 concentrations decreased at 2, 4 and 7 days after MaxEC (6~7%; P less then 0.05). Conclusion These results demonstrate that a lean effect of bone generation and an enhanced energy anabolism can be induced by a single bout of MaxEC.Objective To analyse the influence of muscle fibre axis on the degree of crosstalk in mechanomyographic (MMG) signals during sustained isometric forearm flexion, pronation and supination exercises performed at 80% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) at an elbow joint angle of 90°. Methods MMG signals in longitudinal, lateral and transverse directions of muscle fibres were recorded from the elbow flexors of twenty-five male subjects using triaxial accelerometers. Cross-correlation coefficients were used to quantify the degree of crosstalk in all nine possible pairs of fibre axes, all muscle pairs and all exercises. Results MMG root mean square (RMS) was statistically significant among the fibre axes (p less then 0.05, η2=0.17- 0.34) except for biceps brachii and brachioradialis in supination and brachialis in flexion. Overall mean crosstalk values in the three muscle pairs (biceps brachii & brachialis, brachialis & brachioradialis and brachioradialis & biceps brachii) were found to be 6.09-52.17%, 4.01-61.42% and 2.16-51.85%, respectively. Crosstalk values showed statistical significance among all nine axes pairs (p less then 0.05, η2=0.16-0.51) except for biceps brachii & brachialis during pronation. The transverse axes pair generated the lowest mean crosstalk values (2.16-9.14%). Conclusion MMG signals recorded using accelerometers from the transverse axes of muscle fibres in the elbow flexors are unique and yield the least amount of crosstalk.Objectives Test the reliability and validity of the modified Clinical test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (mCTSIB) of the Balance Platform Biodex Balance System (BBS) in a female community dwelling population. Method 100 women over 65 years community dwellers mean age 71.8 (SD±6, ranging from 65 to 91) years, were examined using the posturography modified Clinical test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) protocol of the Biodex Balance system SD and the Greek Mini-Best Test (miniBESTest-GR) to assess concurrent validity, with 24 undergoing a second measurement after one week to test the reliability of the method. Results The m-CTSIB-“Composite Score” test was significantly and positively correlated with the mini-BESTest-GR (r= -0.652, p less then 0.001) indicating good validity properties. The test-retest reliability was measured using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) using a two-way mixed-effects absolute-agreement single-measurement model, among the two measurements of mCTSIB test (test-retest). No statistical difference was found between the two samples (N1=100, N2=24, t= -1.755, df=122, p=0.08). ICC estimates as 0.628 with 95% confident interval=0.31-0.82. NMS-873 Conclusion The mCTSIB test from the BBS has a moderate validity and reliability to evaluate balance in elderly women living in the community and can be used as a screening tool.Objective Forward falls are among the most frequent causes of upper extremity fractures. This study investigated the safety considerations to prevent wrist injuries during bimanual forward falls. Methods A biomechanical model was developed with two separated arms to facilitate investigation of asymmetrical contact and predict the impact force applied to each hand separately. To validate the developed model, a series of fall experiments were conducted in which one hand collided with a hard surface, while the other collided with a soft surface. Results The results show that the impact force applied to each hand is independent of the other. Using these results and our model, the safety aspects of human forward falls were analyzed with a view to preventing injuries. Specifically, we sought to determine the safe range of surface stiffness and damping to ensure that the occurrence of forward falls does not lead to trauma. Conclusion The results of this study can be applied in the design of compliant flooring to ensure the safety of people in environments with potential fall hazards.