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Two-photon (2P) fluorescence imaging can provide background-free high-contrast images from the scattering tissues. However, obtaining a multiplane image is not straightforward. Bromelain datasheet We present a two-photon volume holographic imaging (2P-VHI) system for multiplane imaging.

Our goal was to design and implement a 2P-VHI system that can provide the high-contrast optically sectioned images at multiple planes.

A 2P-VHI system is presented that incorporates angularly multiplexed volume holographic gratings and a femtosecond laser source for fluorescence excitation for multiplane imaging. A volume hologram with multiplexed gratings provides multifocal observation, whereas nonlinear excitation using a femtosecond laser helps in significantly enhancing both depth resolution and contrast of images.

Standard fluorescent beads are used to demonstrate the imaging performance of the 2P-VHI system. Two-depth resolved optical-sectioning images of fluorescently labeled thick mice intestine samples were obtained. In addition, the optical sectioning capability of our system is measured and compared with that of a conventional VHI system.

Results demonstrated that 2P excitation in VHI systems provided the optical sectioning ability that helps in reducing background noise in the images. Integration of nonlinear fluorescence excitation in the VHI provides some unique advantages to the system and has potential to design multidepth optical sectioned spatial-spectral imaging systems.

Results demonstrated that 2P excitation in VHI systems provided the optical sectioning ability that helps in reducing background noise in the images. Integration of nonlinear fluorescence excitation in the VHI provides some unique advantages to the system and has potential to design multidepth optical sectioned spatial-spectral imaging systems.

This report describes an isolated urethral duplication in the coronal plane in a child referred with primary ‘enuresis’. This presentation is unique because duplications usually occur in the sagittal plane. In patients with suspected urethral duplication, magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with catheterisation of the distal duplicate opening accurately delineates the abnormality, so that individualised treatment strategies can be considered.

This report describes an isolated urethral duplication in the coronal plane in a child referred with primary ‘enuresis’. This presentation is unique because duplications usually occur in the sagittal plane. In patients with suspected urethral duplication, magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with catheterisation of the distal duplicate opening accurately delineates the abnormality, so that individualised treatment strategies can be considered.

The unpredictable nature and behaviour of bullet emboli can pose unique diagnostic and management challenges, related to the absence of exit wounds or variable trajectories. However, embolisation into the vascular system is an extremely unusual occurrence, with fewer than 200 such cases described since 1900. Given the relative paucity of such literature reports, it is not surprising that guidelines for the optimal management of some of these emboli are neither clear cut, nor universally accepted. We report the second case of retrograde venous bullet embolism to the right renal vein following a gunshot injury to the right chest and the surgical solution.

The unpredictable nature and behaviour of bullet emboli can pose unique diagnostic and management challenges, related to the absence of exit wounds or variable trajectories. However, embolisation into the vascular system is an extremely unusual occurrence, with fewer than 200 such cases described since 1900. Given the relative paucity of such literature reports, it is not surprising that guidelines for the optimal management of some of these emboli are neither clear cut, nor universally accepted. We report the second case of retrograde venous bullet embolism to the right renal vein following a gunshot injury to the right chest and the surgical solution.

Cystic pancreatic lesions present a diagnostic challenge. Accurate characterisation of an isolated cystic pancreatic lesion is therefore vital as this dictates the management strategy which may vary from radical resection to simple observation. This report describes how a detailed preoperative assessment led to the correct diagnosis of an isolated pancreatic lesion and appropriate safe and curative surgical management.

Cystic pancreatic lesions present a diagnostic challenge. Accurate characterisation of an isolated cystic pancreatic lesion is therefore vital as this dictates the management strategy which may vary from radical resection to simple observation. This report describes how a detailed preoperative assessment led to the correct diagnosis of an isolated pancreatic lesion and appropriate safe and curative surgical management.

We report a rare presentation of an advanced prostate cancer (Gleason 10) in a 41-year-old man with complete large bowel obstruction relieved by loop colostomy. His young age prompted a search for a cause and genetic testing confirmed chromosome 10 PTEN deletion. His immediate family members were screened and counselled appropriately. This case outlines the role of genetic testing in young males with prostate cancer.

We report a rare presentation of an advanced prostate cancer (Gleason 10) in a 41-year-old man with complete large bowel obstruction relieved by loop colostomy. His young age prompted a search for a cause and genetic testing confirmed chromosome 10 PTEN deletion. His immediate family members were screened and counselled appropriately. This case outlines the role of genetic testing in young males with prostate cancer.

Phylloides tumour is an extremely rare fibroepithelial neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of breast pathologies. We report a rare case of primary phylloides tumour arising within the vulva.

Phylloides tumour is an extremely rare fibroepithelial neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of breast pathologies. We report a rare case of primary phylloides tumour arising within the vulva.

Duodenal polyposis is common in familial adenomatous polyposis with a significant associated lifetime risk of cancer. Screening and regular surveillance is recommended, guided by the Spigelman stage. Pancreas preserving duodenectomy (PPD) is the preferred operation in patients needing removal of the whole duodenum. This presentation demonstrates the technique of PPD with particular emphasis on the resection and ampullary reconstruction. Initial early feeding tube placement through the cystic duct stump into the duodenum enables identification of the papilla and pancreatic duct as well as subsequent dissection. Separate trans-anastomotic pancreatic and biliary stents facilitate creation and patency of the pancreato-biliary anastomosis. The operation has similar outcomes compared to pancreaticoduodenectomy, however, the anatomical reconstruction allows for postoperative surveillance.

Duodenal polyposis is common in familial adenomatous polyposis with a significant associated lifetime risk of cancer. Screening and regular surveillance is recommended, guided by the Spigelman stage.