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No difference in cerebral oxygenation in premature infants transitioning from nCPAP to HFNC was observed. This finding is reassuring and further supports the use of HFNC in preterm infants.The treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in patients with history of malignancy is challenging. To review the studies reporting the experience with IL-17A inhibitors in patients with psoriasis and history of malignancy; secondly, to investigate cancer recurrence in a series of patients with a prior malignancy and plaque psoriasis treated with IL-17A inhibitors. A systematic literature review and an observational retrospective analysis of patients with history of malignancy and plaque psoriasis treated with IL-17A inhibitors was performed. About 5 original articles out of 601 were retrieved, reporting a total of 10 patients with a median age of 59 years, interquartile range (IQR) 50-63. Seven patients were treated with secukinumab, one with ixekizumab and two with both sequentially. Although the stage ranged from in situ to IV stage, most of the cases were early-stage neoplasm. The IL-17A inhibitor was initiated after a median of 10 months, interquartile range (IQR) 5-30 (range 0-144) from the diagnosis of malignancy. In addition, a series of 12 patients with history of malignancy were identified from the University Hospital of Verona, including 9 cases with cancer in clinical remission and 3 with advanced disease at time of initiating IL-17 inhibitor. No malignancy recurrence was reported within a median of 12 (IQR 6-23) and 46 (IQR 36-48) months follow up in case series from literature and our experience, respectively. Data on use of IL-17A inhibitors in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and history of malignancy are limited. Registries and proactive pharmacovigilance activities are needed to guide clinical practice.Managing ecosystems in the face of complex species interactions, and the associated uncertainty, presents a considerable ecological challenge. Altering those interactions via actions such as invasive species management or conservation translocations can result in unintended consequences, supporting the need to be able to make more informed decisions in the face of this uncertainty. We demonstrate the utility of ecosystem models to reduce uncertainty and inform future ecosystem management. We use Phillip Island, Australia, as a case study to investigate the impacts of two invasive species management options and consider whether a critically endangered mammal is likely to establish a population in the presence of invasive species. Qualitative models are used to determine the effects of apex predator removal (feral cats) and invasive prey removal (rabbits, rats, and mice). We extend this approach using Ensemble Ecosystem Models to consider how suppression, rather than eradication influences the species communityesses as well. Challenges faced in continuing to conserve biodiversity mean new, bolder, conservation actions are needed. We suggest that endangered species are capable of surviving in the presence of feral cats, potentially opening the door for more conservation translocations.Sex determination systems are highly variable in vertebrates, although neither the causes nor the implications of this diversity are fully understood. Theory suggests that sex determination is expected to relate to sexual size dimorphism, because environmental sex determination promotes sex-specific developmental bias in embryonic growth rates. Furthermore, selection for larger size in one sex or the other has been proposed to drive the evolution of different genetic sex determination systems. G Protein antagonist Here, we investigate whether sex determination systems relate to adult sexual size dimorphism, using 250 species of reptiles (Squamata, Testudines and Crocodylia) representing 26 families. Using phylogenetically informed analyses, we find that sexual size dimorphism is associated with sex determination species with TSDIa sex determination (i.e. in which the proportion of female offspring increases with incubation temperature) have more female-biased size dimorphism than species with TSDII (i.e. species in which males are produced at mid temperatures). We also found a trend that species with TSD ancestors had more male-biased size dimorphism in XY sex chromosome systems than in ZW sex chromosome systems. Taken together, our results support the prediction that sexual size dimorphism is linked to sex-dependent developmental variations caused by environmental factors and also by sex chromosomes. Since the extent of size dimorphism is related to various behavioural, ecological and life-history differences between sexes, our results imply profound impacts of sex determination systems for vertebrate diversity.

By analyzing the recent epidemiologic trajectory of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in South Korea, we tracked 2 findings that have been reported recently in other countries the stabilization of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related HNSCC incidence and the acceleration of oral cavity cancer incidence.

We analyzed data from the comprehensive population-based Korean Central Cancer Registry for the period 1999 to 2017. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR), annual percent change (APC), and relative survival were calculated.

The ASR of total HNSCC decreased from 1999 to 2017 (APC, -0.2 [95% CI, -0.3 to -0.0]), as did the ASR of HPV-unrelated HNSCC (APC, -0.6 [95% CI, -0.8 to -0.5]); however, the ASR of HPV-related HNSCC increased (APC, 2.9 [95% CI, 2.5 to 3.2]). The rapidly increasing incidence of tonsil squamous cell carcinoma, which was the main subsite of HPV-related HNSCC, stabilized after 2011 (APC pre-2011, 6.8 [95% CI, 5.0 to 8.3]; APC post-2011, 1.6 [95% CI, -2.1 to 5.5]), and the difference was significant (P = .017). In contrast, oral cavity cancer incidence demonstrated the only increase among HPV-unrelated subsites, with the increase occurring after 2006 (APC pre-2006, 1.6 [95% CI, 0.3 to 2.8]; APC post-2006, 2.8 [95% CI, 2.2 to 3.5]); the main cause of this change was an increase in the ASR of tongue cancer.

This study demonstrates the recent stabilization of tonsil cancer incidence and the contrasting increase in oral cavity cancer incidence, unlike other HPV-unrelated cancers. These trends require further surveillance and understanding in terms of tumor biology and prevention.

This study demonstrates the recent stabilization of tonsil cancer incidence and the contrasting increase in oral cavity cancer incidence, unlike other HPV-unrelated cancers. These trends require further surveillance and understanding in terms of tumor biology and prevention.