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Metals play an essential role in biological systems and are required as structural or catalytic co-factors in many proteins. Disruption of the homeostatic control and/or spatial distributions of metals can lead to disease. Imaging technologies have been developed to visualize elemental distributions across a biological sample. Measurement of elemental distributions by imaging mass spectrometry and imaging X-ray fluorescence are increasingly employed with technologies that can assess histological features and molecular compositions. Data from several modalities can be interrogated as multimodal images to correlate morphological, elemental, and molecular properties. Elemental and molecular distributions have also been axially resolved to achieve three-dimensional volumes, dramatically increasing the biological information. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of metal imaging with an emphasis on multimodal studies in two and three dimensions. We specifically highlight studies that present technological advancements and biological applications of how metal homeostasis affects human health. The introduction of fluorine atoms into organic molecules has received considerable attention as these organofluorines have often found widespread applications in bioorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and biomaterial science. Despite innovation of synthetic C-F forming methodologies, selective fluorination is still extremely challenging. Therefore, a biotransformation approach using fluorine biocatalysts is needed to selectively introduce fluorine into structurally diverse molecules. Yet, there are few ways that enable incorporation of fluorine into structurally complex bioactive molecules. One is to extend the substrate scope of the existing enzyme inventory. Another is to expand the biosynthetic pathways to accept fluorinated precursors for producing fluorinated bioactive molecules. Finally, an understanding of the physiological roles of fluorometabolites in the producing microorganisms will advance our ability to engineer a microorganism to produce novel fluorinated commodities. Here, we review the fluorinase biotechnology and fluorine biocatalysts that incorporate fluorine motifs to generate fluorinated molecules, and highlight areas for future developments. PURPOSE Epilepsy affects more than 50 million people worldwide and its management can be complicated by comorbidities such as impaired renal function. To optimize epilepsy control in patients with kidney disease, clinicians need to be aware of how antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are affected by impaired renal function and how the kidneys are affected by epilepsy management strategies. Herein we present a narrative review with systematic literature search to discuss the use of AEDs in patients with renal impairment, including those undergoing dialysis, as well as the nephrotoxic effects of some AEDs. We finally conclude the article by providing practical tips about our approach to using AEDs in the setting of renal disease. METHODS A literature search targeting epilepsy management in patients with kidney disease was performed in MEDLINE database (1946 to 7th Jan 2019). RESULTS A total of 1193 articles were found. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening followed by full text screening, a total of 110 references were included in this review. Additional information was included from drug product monographs. CONCLUSION The disposition of AEDs can be altered in patients with impaired renal function, leading to a higher risk of AED toxicity or therapy failure. Renal dosage adjustment and close monitoring is recommended. Although AED-induced nephrotoxicity is rare, it is unpredictable and clinicians need to vigilant about this possibility. In addition, AEDs renal adverse reactions and renal drug interactions should be considered when selecting an AED. The hydrophilic three-dimensional (3D) structure of graphene materials was produced with reducing agent-ethylene glycol through hydrothermal reduction. Numerous microorganisms with diverse community structure were established in anode surface, as the hydrophilicity of the graphene anode increased; more populations of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes families were identified in a higher hydrophilic anode. In addition, the start-up time of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) equipped with hydrophilic 3D graphene anode was only 43 h, which is much shorter than traditional 3D graphene-based anode systems. The most hydrophilic anode exhibited the maximal power density of 583.8 W m-3, 5 times larger than the least hydrophilic one. The content of oxygen in graphene materials improving hydrophilicity would play an important role in enhancing power density. selleck This study proves that hydrophilic 3D graphene materials as the anode can improve MFC performance and start-up time. Adoption of circular practices within environmental management is gaining worldwide recognition owing to rapid resource depletion and detrimental effects of climate change. The present study therefore attempted to ascertain the linkages between circular economy (CE) and sustainable development (SD) by examining the role of renewable energy (RE) and waste management (WM) sectors in CE combined with policy setup and enabling frameworks boosting the influx of circularity principles in the Indian context. Results revealed that research dedicated towards energy recovery from waste in India lacks integration with SD. Findings also revealed that although India is extremely dedicated towards attainment of the SDGs, penetration of CE principles within administration requires considerable efforts especially since WM regulations for municipal, plastic and e-waste lack alignment with CE principles. Integration of WM and RE policies under an umbrella CE policy would provide further impetus to the attainment of circularity and SD within the Indian economy. In order to enhance the yield of high quality biodiesel form diseased swine fat, the ultrasound-assisted two-step catalyzed process was employed. First, three-dimensional ultrasound-assisted concentrated sulfuric acid pre-esterification experiment was carried out. Then, the transesterification reaction catalyzed by KOH was performed, and four parameters (catalyst concentration, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature) were optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal transesterification reaction conditions were catalyst concentration of 1.11 wt%, reaction temperature of 62.3 °C, methanol/oil molar ratio of 7.421, and reaction time of 116.14 min. The most significant factor affecting biodiesel purity was identified as catalyst concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum biodiesel purity reached to 98% with the reaction time of 176.14 min, shortened by 63.3% compared with previous works. Furthermore, most of the biodiesel properties agreed the quality requirements established by Official Regulations of GB/25199-2017 of China.