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However, this drawback was partially resolved by mixing LiFTFSI and KFTFSI salts in the electrolyte.Christine J. Watson is Professor of Cell and Cancer Biology at the University of Cambridge. Christine obtained her Bachelor’s (honors) degree in Biochemistry at the University of Glasgow in 1975 and, after a soujourn in Glauco Tocchini-Valentini’s lab at the Institute of Cell Biology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Rome, she undertook a PhD in Molecular Genetics at Imperial College London. During her PhD, she looked at differences in gene expression between differentiated and undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma stem cells, inspiring an early interest in gene expression and cell fate determination. Between 1986 and 1992, Christine undertook three postdoctoral research positions that took her from London back to Scotland, where she was first introduced to mammary gland biology through her work with John Clark at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. During her time in the Clark lab, Christine identified a factor – later shown to be STAT5 – that binds to the promoter of the milk protein gene β-lactoglobulin. Selleck iCRT3 This prompted further work identifying the key role played by the STAT family of transcription factors in mammary gland development. Shortly afterwards, Christine became a group leader at the Roslin Institute and later relocated to the University of Edinburgh to collaborate with Andrew Wyllie. This led to her recruitment to the University of Cambridge in 1998, where she has remained to date. Over the last two decades, the Watson lab has focused on elucidating the mechanisms underlying lineage commitment of mammary stem and progenitor cells and the regulation of cell death in involuting mammary gland. In this interview, Christine discusses her research highlights and provides a glimpse into her personal interests, as she moves towards retirement.Arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant and carcinogen, which has been epidemiologically proved related to the increased hepatic disorders. Researches have shown that aseptic inflammation and abnormal immune response are associated with arsenic-induced liver injury. However, the immunotoxic effects of liver have not been extensively characterized. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), a natural products of G. biloba leaves with proven anti-inflammatory and potential immunoregulatory activities, was used as intervention agent to explore its protective effects on arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, the underlying mechanism of the immunotoxic effects on arsenic-induced liver injury were investigated in 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg NaAsO2 of Wistar rats for 16 weeks. Subsequently, GBE was used as intervention agent in 50 mg/kg for 6 weeks after cessation of arsenic exposure. The ratio of Th17 to Treg cells in peripheral blood as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-6, TGF-β1, and IL-10 in serum anwhile, the disturbance of pro- and anti-inflammatory response was reversed. We concluded that the disruption of pro- and anti-inflammatory T-cells balance caused by cytokines mediated cell-cell interactions may be one of the mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced liver injury and that GBE intervention exerts an evidence protective effects, which might be closely associated with the suppression of inflammatory-related TLR4 pathway.This paper reports the first magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) characteristics of racemic helicenes, including four unsubstituted [n]helicenes (n=3,4,5,7) and two [4]helicene derivatives bearing methoxy substituents, in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The value of |gMCPL | was calculated to be of the order of 10-3  T-1 within 350-430 nm under the north-up (N-up) and south-up (S-up) Faraday geometries in an external magnetic field of 1.6 T. The [n]-dependent MCPL signs were altered by the N-up and S-up geometries.

This research sought to improve the ability of biocontrol yeast to suppress postharvest fungal disease and explore possible mechanisms of action.

The addition of 2% sodium glutamate (SG), which is edible and recognized as safe, enhances the inhibitory effect of Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman on Penicillium expansum in vivo and in vitro. Rhodosporidium paludigenum cells grown in medium with a final concentration of 2% SG, displayed viability under a variety of stress conditions, including sodium chloride (NaCl), calcofluor white (CFW), Congo red (CR) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Activity and relative gene expression levels of antioxidant-related enzymes in R. paludigenum, including peroxisomal catalase (CAT), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were altered in the presence of SG. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in cells grown in the presence of SG as well as the content of several amino acids.

In the presence of 2% SG R. paludigenum inhibited P. expansum and exhibited tolerance to a number of stressful conditions which may involve the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and amino acids.

The ability of culture conditions to enhance the fungal suppressive abilities of yeast has the potential to enhance the management of postharvest disease in fruit.

The ability of culture conditions to enhance the fungal suppressive abilities of yeast has the potential to enhance the management of postharvest disease in fruit.

This study assessed the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry as an alternative method to identify species associated with the thanatomicrobiota and epinecrotic communities.

The study was conducted on 10 murine cadavers, and microbiological swabs were collected from five external anatomical sites (eyes, ears, nose, mouth and rectum) and four internal organs (brain, spleen, liver, heart), during 16 and 30days, for the thanatomicrobiota and epinecrotic communities, respectively. Our results revealed that the postmortem microbiota associated with the external cavities showed changes over time and reduced taxonomic diversity. The internal organs, initially sterile, showed signs of microbial invasion at 3 and 10days postmortem for the liver-spleen and heart-brain, respectively. The postmortem microbiota was mainly dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria.

MALDI-TOF is a promising method for estimating postmortem interval (PMI), associated with rapid sample handling, good reproducibility and high productivity.