Activity

001). Experienced pain was significantly less than predicted pain (median scores 0 and 3.0, respectively,

< 0.001). Patients who predicted pain were more likely to report pain from LP (relative risk [RR] 1.3). Predicting pain was also correlated with anxiety before LP (

< 0.001).

LP was generally well tolerated. The majority of patients experienced minimal pain. Anticipation of pain was correlated with both feeling anxious and experiencing pain. The results of this study can be used to reassure patients and providers that LP is indeed not as painful as imagined, which may both reduce pre-LP anxiety and improve LP tolerability.

LP was generally well tolerated. The majority of patients experienced minimal pain. Anticipation of pain was correlated with both feeling anxious and experiencing pain. The results of this study can be used to reassure patients and providers that LP is indeed not as painful as imagined, which may both reduce pre-LP anxiety and improve LP tolerability.

This case report describes a patient with mesencephalic MRI signal abnormality and diplopia, possibly associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

We describe a boy with binocular diplopia and nystagmus. The pattern of serology positivity and negative direct research of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in our patient allowed us to consider novel coronavirus as the trigger of possible immune-mediated phenomena against the central nervous system.

During hospitalization, blood tests revealed a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. MRI revealed hyperintensity of the mesencephalic tegmentum and periaqueductal region, consistent with an inflammatory lesion of the midbrain tegmentum. Viral and bacterial molecular screening on cerebrospinal fluid and isoelectrofocusing analysis, anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, anti-aquaporine-4, and anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate antibodies were negative. The patient was treated with steroids and immunoglobulin therapy with complete remission of neurologic symptoms.

This report expands the spectrum of pediatric COVID-19-associated neurologic symptoms and highlights a possible isolated neurologic COVID-19-related symptom.

This report expands the spectrum of pediatric COVID-19-associated neurologic symptoms and highlights a possible isolated neurologic COVID-19-related symptom.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic change in the presentation of patients with tics. The explosive presentation of atypical tics (TT) has been noted worldwide and thought to be the manifestation of a pandemic-associated functional neurologic disorder following social media exposure to tics. Nevertheless, despite the frequent diagnosis of functional tics (FT), there are no existing formal diagnostic criteria. The primary aim of this study was to create a patient-based diagnostic checklist for making the diagnosis of a functional tic disorder (FTD) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A retrospective chart review at a single institution during the pandemic was performed. Based on the available literature, diagnostic criteria were created for TT, FT, and patients with dramatically evolving symptoms (i.e., mixed with prior history of mild tics with later fulminant functional worsening). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and tic characteristics of these groups were then compared. F strictly FTD, and (3) a mixed tic disorder consisting of patients with an initial history of a PTD and the later development of FT. Explicit diagnostic criteria should enable clinicians and researchers to make a definitive identification and assist patients and families become more knowledgeable and accepting of the diagnosis of FT.

This study confirms the presence of a distinct presentation of aTT during the pandemic period. It further establishes the validity of specific criteria useful in dividing patients with tics into 3 formal diagnostic criteria (1) primary tic disorders (PTDs), (2) a strictly FTD, and (3) a mixed tic disorder consisting of patients with an initial history of a PTD and the later development of FT. Explicit diagnostic criteria should enable clinicians and researchers to make a definitive identification and assist patients and families become more knowledgeable and accepting of the diagnosis of FT.This study presents a framework for physical therapy through the course of Huntington disease (HD) which includes coordinated care plans with neurologists. HD is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that leads to impaired strength and coordination and ultimately progressive loss of function. Interdisciplinary HD care teams provide patient-centered, comprehensive evaluations and make recommendations for pharmacologic, healthcare, and lifestyle interventions based on best available evidence. Physical therapists work to improve movement and mobility using specific therapeutic interventions and individualized exercise programs. The proposed framework recommends that neurologists refer persons with HD to physical therapy at all disease stages, ideally beginning in premanifest and early stages, and that they regularly communicate with physical therapists to ensure implementation of a coordinated care plan. Resources are provided for neurologists to facilitate appropriate referral for individuals with HD to physical therapy based on clinical practice guidelines, including a referral decision guide.

Lesions of the cerebellar flocculus cause enduring downbeat nystagmus (DBN) with unrelenting oscillopsia. Unlike most patients with DBN, the flocculus is structurally spared in nonalcoholic Wernicke encephalopathy (nWE) with chronic DBN. The objective was to study the effects of alcohol in nWE.

We recorded eye movements of a unique patient with nWE under controlled alcohol consumption who said his oscillopsia disappeared with a few drinks of alcohol.

His DBN was markedly diminished by alcohol (by 77.4%), although he remained alert with normal saccades.

This striking observation may be caused by the differential effect of alcohol on the perihypoglossal complex and the paramedian tract neurons, which control the level of activity in the flocculus, with opposite (inhibition and excitation, respectively) effects. The finding suggests new ideas about the treatment and pathophysiology of DBN with a structurally intact cerebellum.

This striking observation may be caused by the differential effect of alcohol on the perihypoglossal complex and the paramedian tract neurons, which control the level of activity in the flocculus, with opposite (inhibition and excitation, respectively) effects. The finding suggests new ideas about the treatment and pathophysiology of DBN with a structurally intact cerebellum.

Following brain injury, clinical assessments of residual and emerging cognitive function are difficult and fraught with errors. In adults, recent American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice guidelines recommend objective neuroimaging and neurophysiologic measures to support diagnosis. Equivalent measures are lacking in pediatrics-an especially great challenge due to the combined heterogeneity of both brain injury and pediatric development. Therefore, we aim to establish quantitative, clinically practicable measures of cognitive function following pediatric brain injury.

Participants with and without brain injury were aged 8-18 years, clinically classified according to cognitive recovery state N = 8 in disorders of consciousness (DoC), N = 7 in confusional state, N = 19 cognitively impaired, and N = 13 typically developing uninjured controls. We prospectively measured electroencephalographic markers of sensory processing and attention in an auditory oddball paradigm, and of covert movement attempts in a ce used in pediatrics.

Despite heterogeneity of brain injuries and brain development, our objective EEG markers reflected cognitive recovery independent of motor function. Two of these markers required no active participation. Together, they allowed us to identify 3 individuals who meet the criteria for cognitive-motor dissociation. To diagnose, prognose, and track cognitive recovery accurately, such markers should be used in pediatrics.

Tissue engineering involves scaffolds, cells and growth factors, among which growth factors have limited applications due to potential safety risks and high costs. Therefore, an alternative approach to exogenously induce osteogenesis is desirable. Considering that osteogenesis and angiogenesis are coupled, a system of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) coculture is more biologically adapted to the microenvironment

and can mediate osteogenesis and angiogenesis

paracrine signalling. Hence, in this study, a HUVECs/hBMSCs coculture system with appropriate cell and medium proportions was established. The substrate for the coculture system was a 3D-printed composite bioceramic scaffold (β-TCP/CaSiO

) based on a previous study. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of this system for bone tissue engineering.

Bioactive ceramic scaffolds for tissue engineering were fabricated

a 3D Bioplotter™ system. The coculture system for

andion, the bone tissue engineering scaffolds exhibited the ability to promote osteogenesis/angiogenesis without the addition of exogenous growth factors, thus mitigating safety risks. Although application of the HUVECs/hBMSCs coculture system might be a time-consuming process, further development of cord blood storage could be beneficial for multicell coculture.

The fabricated 3D-printed bioactive ceramic scaffolds could provide mechanical, biodegradable and bioadaptive support for personalized bone regeneration. In addition, the bone tissue engineering scaffolds exhibited the ability to promote osteogenesis/angiogenesis without the addition of exogenous growth factors, thus mitigating safety risks. Although application of the HUVECs/hBMSCs coculture system might be a time-consuming process, further development of cord blood storage could be beneficial for multicell coculture.

As a controllable biological process, regulated cell death (RCD) extensively participates in cellular homeostasis, organismal development, and the pathogenesis of diseases. CD38 inhibitor 1 This review addresses the research gaps by synthesising the findings on the complexity of RCD modes and their role in disc degeneration, and summarises the preclinical strategies to alleviate disc degeneration and promote disc repair by regulating RCD.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the major source of chronic low back pain. As a controllable biological process, regulated cell death (RCD) extensively participates in the pathogenesis of IDD. Nevertheless, the initiation and progression of RCD remain unclear, and more importantly, the interaction between different RCD modes during IDD and therapy is far from well understood.

Literature search was performed using “regulated cell death AND intervertebral disc degeneration” in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Meanwhile, relevant findings have been reviewed and quoted.

In tontribute to the rescuing of disc degeneration and to the development of promising therapeutics in a clinical setting.

The Translational potential of this article. This review aims to demonstrate a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing RCD, which might contribute to the rescuing of disc degeneration and to the development of promising therapeutics in a clinical setting.