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001). Both 17% EDTA and 1% IP6 removed significantly less smear layer in the apical root portion. Intra group comparisons revealed no significant differences at any root level. There was a time dependent increase in erosion and smear layer removal in Group 2, with severe erosion at 5 minutes time interval. In Group 3, however, there was moderate erosion and smear removal at 3 and 5 minutes interval. Conclusion IP6 at the concentration of 1% and pH 3 was less erosive than 17% EDTA. It exhibited moderate smear layer removal ability. Copyright © 2020 European Endodontic Journal.Objective The addition of pachymic acid (PA) to AH Plus (an epoxy resin sealer) offsets the cytotoxicity of the latter. Prior to the clinical implementation of this formulation, a thorough knowledge of its physicochemical properties and sealing ability becomes mandatory. Hence, this in vitro study aimed to characterize and evaluate the physicochemical properties and apical sealing ability of AH Plus (AHP) with and without the addition of PA. Methods Flow, setting time, film thickness, solubility and radiopacity of AHP (group 1) and AHP modified with PA (AHP/PA, group 2) were evaluated in accordance with the guidelines put forth by ISO 68762012. The percentage was determined under each parameter. Bortezomib clinical trial Apical sealing ability was assessed using fluid filtration device. An independent samples t-test was used for inter- and intra-group comparisons of mean fluid flow (MFF). Results Incorporating PA to AHP decreased its flow, setting time and film thickness by 24.34%, 2.14% and 31.71% respectively. The solubility of group 2 increased on day 1 by 85.71% and decreased on days 3, 7 and 14 by 46.67%, 34.79% and 13.8% respectively. The radiopacity of AHP was not altered by the addition of PA. MFF rates of group 2 was significantly higher than group 1 on day 1, but not significantly different on day 7. Conclusion AHP/PA exhibited physicochemical properties that were within the requirements of ISO and with time, and showed fluid flow similar to AHP. Copyright © 2020 European Endodontic Journal.Objective Chemical disinfection along with mechanical instrumentation, is required to achieve debridement, especially in apical third of root canal. Thus, this study aimed to compare the influence of final apical width on the smear layer removal efficacy of XP Endo Finisher and Endodontic Needle, in mandibular premolars. Methods 40 single-rooted mandibular premolars were included in the study, prepared using K3 XF rotary files (SybronEndo, Orange, CA). The samples were equally divided into 4 groups Group 1 Master apical file 30/0.06 taper, final irrigation with endodontic needle (30G Max I probe, Dentsply International, York PA); Group 2 Master apical file 40/0.06 taper, final irrigation with endodontic needle; Group 3 Master apical file 30/0.06 taper, final irrigation with XP-Endo Finisher (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland); Group 4 Master apical file 40/0.06 taper, final irrigation with XP-Endo Finisher. Smear layer and debris scores were given using SEM. Results Group 3 and 4 performed significantly better than group 1 & 2 (P0.05). Significantly higher scores were observed in the apical third, as compared to other sections of the root canal, in all the 4 groups. Conclusion Increase in the final apical width did not significantly improve root canal cleanliness for both XP Endo Finisher and endodontic needle. However, XP endo finisher proved to be significantly better than the endodontic needle. Copyright © 2020 European Endodontic Journal.Objective To describe root and canal morphology of mandibular first molars (MFMs) in a Yemeni population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods CBCT images of 500 right and left untreated MFMs with fully developed roots from 250 Yemenis (125 male and 125 female) comprised the sample size of this study. The following characteristics were recorded (1) number of roots and their type and morphology, (2) number of canals orifices per root, (3) type of canal configuration and (4) primary variations in the morphology of the root and canal systems. Results 96.8% of MFMs are double-rooted. A third root was found in 3.2%, more in females than males. Mesial root was mainly ribbon-shaped (92.2%) and distal root was kidney-shaped in 56.2%. Two canals orifices were found in mesial root of 95.8% and one canal orifice was found in distal root of 96.4%. Vertucci type II canal configuration was the most frequent (57%), followed by type IV (35.6%) in mesial root. Type III canal configuration was the most prevalent (48.8%), followed by type I (41%) in distal root. Variant 3 represented the most common root and canal morphology (89.8%). Conclusion MFMs in Yemeni population are mainly two-rooted with 3.2% having a supernumerary distolingual root. Cross section of mesial root was mainly ribbon-shaped and distal root was kidney-shaped. Vertucci type II and III configurations were the higher incidence in mesial and distal roots, respectively. The presence of two canals in mesial root and one canal in distal root of MFMs with two separate roots (variant 3) was the most common morphology. Copyright © 2020 European Endodontic Journal.Objective The study aimed to compare and evaluate the accuracy of iPex, Root ZX mini, and Epex Pro Electronic apex locators (EALs) in diagnosing root perforations in both dry and in different wet conditions 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Methods Thirty extracted, human single rooted mandibular premolars were artificially perforated with a diameter of 1.5 mm in middle third of root. Actual canal lengths (ALs) in millimetre (mm) were evaluated for all teeth up to perforation location, and alginate mould were used to embed the teeth. After this, the electronic measurements were calculated by all EALs up to perforation site using a 20 K-file in both dry and wet canal conditions. Bortezomib clinical trial Up to the perforation sites, the ALs were subtracted from the electronic length. Statistical analyses were done using One-way ANOVA with post hoc tukey’s test for pairwise comparison and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Results All three EAL’s detected canal perforations which were clinically acceptable.