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This indicated that the TC group seemed to show better decision making and have better awareness of errors. Future work should investigate whether such effects are seen when this type of exercise is applied as an ‘intervention’ in non-exercising individuals.While there has been a marked increase in investigation of benefits of sporting engagement and fitness beyond typical health benefits, particularly looking at beneficial effects on cognitive ability, there has been less investigation of whether cognitive training can benefit sporting-specific skills. Here, the effects of simple cognitive training on a sport-related skill were assessed, with the specific hypothesis that training on a visual tracking task would improve the ability of volleyball players to spike the ball on a volleyball court (the volleyball equivalent of a tennis smash). Following training with such a task, improvement in spiking performance was seen when the target was indicated before spike execution but not when it was indicated during execution. There was some retention of the spiking improvements 1 month after visual task training. No improvements were seen when a cognitive task with no motion was used for training such that the results suggest benefits of appropriate cognitive training on aspects of sporting skills. Future work could beneficially assess application to a more sporting environment, evaluate the suitability of different cognitive training, and see if effects are seen in individuals with higher sporting skill.Sleep is an active physiological state that plays a critical role in our physical and mental health and well-being. find more It is generated by a complex interplay between two oscillators, namely, the circadian oscillator and the sleep-wake homeostat. Sleep propensity is a function of wakefulness, that is, the longer one is awake the greater the homeostatic sleep pressure. Sleep onset occurs as a wake promoting circadian signal subsides, coinciding with an evening rise in melatonin and drop in core temperature. Light is one of the strongest time signals for the circadian oscillator. Poor sleep is a prevalent complaint today, attributable, in part, to our easy access to artificial light, especially after dusk. This non-visual effect of light is mediated by a multi-component photoreceptive system, consisting of rods, cones and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC). Perhaps, with this available biological knowledge we can engineer artificial light to minimize its disruptive effect on sleep. We will highlight this by discussing circadian photoreception and its effect on sleep, in the blind population.The loss of visual function is a common and debilitating effect of brain injury. Such effects include the inability to attend to the contralesional part of space (visual neglect) and loss of vision in part of the visual field in both eyes (homonymous visual field defects). The underlying mechanism of these functional deficits are varied which explains why no one intervention is effective in their treatment. In this chapter, we examine the cognitive neuroscience that underlies visual performance and attention with particular focus on what we know about visual exploration using search tasks in the laboratory. We then discuss how this knowledge has informed the development of interventions for poor visual function and how these can be maximized.This paper examines the applicability of predictive coding as an explanatory model for perception. This is carried out from two perspectives. First, the central assumptions of the model are re-examined in light of the neuroscientific evidence for the structure and functioning of key brain areas involved in perception. The inferential processes involved in predictive coding are then investigated in the context of ambiguous stimuli. This showed that while predictive coding may provide an accurate explanation for our perceptual experiences in some cases, there are also several instances where the picture is not as clear cut. Following on from this, particular emphasis is placed on ambiguous art in order to examine the psychological and cognitive implications of predictive coding in affective states. This not only sheds light on the impact of predictive coding for cognition and emotion, but also helps clarify the nature of ambiguous art.Cognitive neuroscience is currently finding itself as a marketing trend in occupational science, particularly in terms of workplace assessment and measurement. However, the field has historically had little to do with occupational applications and has generally remained focused on the clinical and academic relevance of its research. We will explore several frontiers where research methods and theory established in cognitive neuroscience are beginning to produce meaningful applications in the workplace. Given that this application is likely to be unfamiliar with many in brain research, we look to outline concepts that should be perceived as key considerations when applying innovative measures to the workplace. Relating to these key considerations are several challenges that currently stand in the way of cognitive neuroscience progressing beyond a marketing trend into a steadfast perspective in occupational science.All financial bubbles eventually burst and cause financial crises. In 2008 the US housing bubble burst, causing the global economy to suffer for 4 years. While the 2008 crisis received considerable attention because of its global impact, in the 21st century alone, there have been more than 10 financial crises. While economic, political and legal analysis of the crises have dominated academia, this dissertation argues that an interdisciplinary approach to financial market analysis is required to better understand why they occur. This argument is based on the idea, that the choices of traders are at the core of this issue, and consequently an understanding of trader decision-making behavior was required. Economic models of decision-making are unable to explain this behavior, as they assume decision-making to be an entirely rational process. To address this limitation, findings in neuroscience, psychology and biology are considered. Using this approach, this chapter outlines the role of different neural mechanisms, gut-feelings and hormonal states, that facilitate irrational behavior and increase a trader’s susceptibility to partake in bubble markets.