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6% to 60.7%. The prevalence of cirrhosis remained similar (5.8% in 2012 and 5.6% in 2016, p=0.69) while hepatocellular carcinoma decreased from 6.3% to 4.5% (p<0.01). The prevalence of non-liver comorbidities increased (40.9% to 52.0% for cancer (p<0.01), 12.1% to 17.7% for osteoporosis (p<0.01), and 10.7% to 15.0% for renal impairment (p<0.01). Healthcare resource utilization and costs also increased, with a 119.3% increase in the median total healthcare costs from ¥229,143 in 2012 to ¥502,467 in 2016 (p<0.01).

The CHB population of Japan is predominantly elderly and carry a high non-liver comorbidity burden, while incurring increasing healthcare costs.

The CHB population of Japan is predominantly elderly and carry a high non-liver comorbidity burden, while incurring increasing healthcare costs.

BMI ≤18.5 kg/m2 and preoperative weight loss may lead to inaccurate assessment of nutritional status, given the increasing prevalence of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess whether clinical evaluation of malnutrition based on these parameters is sufficient to predict complications after colorectal cancer surgery.

The American College of Surgeons-National Quality Improvement Program database was queried from 2005 to 2018. Patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery were divided into 4 groups (1) albumin <3.1 g/dL within 21 days of surgery, (2) European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) 2 clinical parameters for malnutrition (≥10% loss of weight/6 months plus [BMI <20 kg/m2 if age <70 years OR BMI <22 kg/m2 if age ≥70 years]), (3) both aforementioned criteria, and (4) none of aforementioned criteria.

Of 82,280 patients, 5,932 (7.2%) had hypoalbuminemia <3.1 g/dL, 764 (0.9%) fulfilled clinical ESPEN 2 parameters, and 338 (0.4%) met both criteria. AfterClinical evaluation through BMI and weight loss alone may underestimate surgery-associated risks in the USA.

An accurate identification of older individuals at increased risk of developing dementia is very important. Various dementia risk prediction models have been developed, but not all models are applicable among older population.

To examine the association of the Brief Dementia Risk Index (BDRI) and incidence of dementia among community-dwelling Finnish older adults.

Participants were community-dwelling nondemented 70-year-olds examined in 2011 (n = 943). Cox regression model with death as a competing risk was used to analyze the association of BDRI and incident dementia (ICD-10 codes F00-03 and G30) during the 5-year follow-up (n = 883).

The rate of dementia incidence was 4.9% during the follow-up. Having at least moderate risk according to BDRI significantly predicted incident dementia (hazard ratio 3.18, 95% confidence interval 1.71-5.92, p < 0.001), also after adjustment with education level (2.93, 1.52-5.64, p = 0.001). No interaction between gender and BDRI was found.

BDRI could be an applicable tool for identification of older individuals at increased risk of developing dementia in clinical settings.

BDRI could be an applicable tool for identification of older individuals at increased risk of developing dementia in clinical settings.

Literature focusing on nutritional variables and survival in interstitial lung disease (ILD) is limited by its focus on weight and BMI and has not considered body composition.

The primary objective of this study was to examine whether body composition measures, specifically fat-free mass index z-score (z-FFMI) and body fat mass index z-score (z-BFMI), were predictors of survival in fibrotic ILD patients. The second objective was to examine if nutrition status was a predictor of survival.

Seventy-eight outpatients diagnosed with fibrotic ILD were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Body composition data using dual frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BodyStat 1500MD; UK) and nutrition status using the subjective global assessment (SGA) were determined. To control for age and sex, z-FFMI and z-BFMI were calculated using population means. Participant charts were reviewed for diagnosis, age, disease severity, and exercise capacity.

Age (HR 1.08, 95% CI [1.03-1.13], p < 0.01), BMI (HR 0.90, 95% CI [0.84-0.97], p < 0.01]), z-FFMI (HR 0.70, 95% CI [0.56-0.87], p = 0.02), z-BFMI (HR 0.74, 95% CI [0.57-0.96], p < 0.01), 6-min walk distance (6MWD) (HR 0.99, 95% CI [0.99-1.00], p < 0.01), percent predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (%DLco) (HR 0.93, 95% CI [0.89-0.97], p < 0.01), and severe malnutrition (SGA-C) (HR 6.98, 95% CI [2.00-24.27], p < 0.01) were significant predictors of survival. When controlled for exercise capacity and disease severity, z-FFMI and severe malnutrition were significant predictors of survival independent of %DLco.

z-FFMI and severe malnutrition were significant predictors of survival in fibrotic ILD patients independent of disease severity.

z-FFMI and severe malnutrition were significant predictors of survival in fibrotic ILD patients independent of disease severity.

Progress in the development of DSM/ICD taxonomies has revealed limitations of both label-based and dimensionality approaches. These approaches fail to address the contingent, nonlinear, context-dependent, and transient nature of those biomarkers linked to specific symptoms of psychopathology or to specific biobehavioural traits of healthy people (temperament). read more The present review aims to highlight the benefits of a functional constructivism approach in the analysis of neurochemical biomarkers underlying temperament and psychopathology.

A review was performed.

Eight systems are identified, and 7 neurochemical ensembles are described in detail. None of these systems is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all of them work in ensembles with each other. The functionality and relationships of these systems are presented here in association with their roles in action construction, with brief examples of psychopathology. The review introduces formal symbols for these systems to facilitate their more compact analysis in the future.

This analysis demonstrates the possibility of constructivism-based unifying taxonomies of temperament (in the framework of the neurochemical model functional ensemble of temperament) and classifications of psychiatric disorders. Such taxonomies would present the biobehavioural individual differences as consistent behavioural patterns generated within a formally structured space of parameters related to the generation of behaviour.

This analysis demonstrates the possibility of constructivism-based unifying taxonomies of temperament (in the framework of the neurochemical model functional ensemble of temperament) and classifications of psychiatric disorders. Such taxonomies would present the biobehavioural individual differences as consistent behavioural patterns generated within a formally structured space of parameters related to the generation of behaviour.