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Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a rare cause of intracranial bleeding across all age groups, with dismal sequelae in most of the affected population. The reported data on IVH are numerous, with multiple levels of evidence. We performed a citation-based analysis to identify the most-cited reports on IVH.

A thorough search of the Scopus database was conducted using “intraventricular hemorrhage” as the search keyword. The 100 most cited studies were stratified in descending order. The reports were reviewed in-depth and categorized accordingly. Bibliometric parameters of interest were obtained for analysis.

The most-cited studies had been published between 1927 and 2017. Most (n= 60) had been published between 1980 and 2000. The most-cited studies had received a total of 16,512 citations, with an average of 174 citations per report. Studies on pathogenesis were the most prolific, with 23 articles included. A total of 13 randomized controlled trials were identified. The top contributing country was the United States, with 67 reports. The leading institution was the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, with 11 studies. Pediatrics was the most active journal, with 20 studies.

The present collection of highly cited studies can aid in the understanding of chronological trends and could serve as an efficient guide to delineate the reports involved in the evidence-based practice of the management of IVH.

The present collection of highly cited studies can aid in the understanding of chronological trends and could serve as an efficient guide to delineate the reports involved in the evidence-based practice of the management of IVH.

To analyze the results of microsurgery for Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade I-III AVMs and evaluate the correlation of the Lawton-Young (LY) supplementary grade, supplemented Spetzler-Martin (SM-Supp/combined) score with the functional outcome.

A total of 42 patients with SM grade I-III AVMs who had undergone surgery at our institute during a 3-year period (June 2013 to May 2016) were included in the present study.

All 42 patients had undergone primary surgery without previous embolization. Three patients (7.1%) had died due to surgical site hematoma in the postoperative period. One patient was lost to follow-up. The mean follow-up period for the remaining patients was 27 ± 14 months (range, 12-62 months). At the final follow-up examination of≥12 months (FFU), 92.7% of the patients had a good outcome (modified Rankin scale [mRS] score≤1), with an improved or unchanged mRS score in 87.8%. An AVM size >3 cm, diffuse AVM, SM grade III, and SM-Supp score >5 were associated with worsened mRS score at discharge and FFU. Higher LY grade (IV and V), eloquent AVM location, deep venous drainage, age >40 years, and unruptured presentation were not associated with worsened mRS score at both discharge and FFU. Of the 20 ARUBA-eligible patients, 19 (95%) had good outcomes. Postoperative angiograms for 39 patients revealed complete excision of the AVM in 37 (94.9%) and a residual AVM in 2 (5.1%).

High cure rates and excellent clinical outcomes can be expected with microsurgery for most patients with SM grade I-III AVMs. An AVM size >3 cm, diffuse AVM nidus, SM grade III, and SM-Supp score >5 are associated with postoperative worsening of functional scores in patients with SM grade I-III AVMs.

5 are associated with postoperative worsening of functional scores in patients with SM grade I-III AVMs.

Ganglion cysts mostly occur in the knuckles and wrists, but they rarely present in the odontoid process and can cause neurological symptoms by compressing the spinal cord. They are mostly localized in the epidural space, but may very rarely appear in the intradural space. There are no reports of cases of intradural ganglion cyst involving syringobulbia.

We report the presentation and management of 2 cases of an intradural ganglion cyst of the odontoid process. Several treatment options for ganglion cysts of the odontoid process have been reported, such as rest and use of a neck collar, posterior decompression and fusion, and transoral anterior decompression. Because our 2 cases progressed rapidly and had severe neurological symptoms, surgical treatment was performed for rapid decompression and definitive pathological diagnosis. PRT062607 The mass was resected as much as possible using the lateral occipital fossa approach, and the operation was completed without dissection of the brain stem or manipulation of the syringobulbia. Postoperatively, neurological symptoms promptly improved, and the syringobulbia reduced.

For intradural ganglion cysts with syringobulbia, we suggest relief of the compression by resection of the mass and treatment of the syringobulbia in 2 stages, if necessary, to avoid the risk of damage to the brainstem.

For intradural ganglion cysts with syringobulbia, we suggest relief of the compression by resection of the mass and treatment of the syringobulbia in 2 stages, if necessary, to avoid the risk of damage to the brainstem.

National medical student surveys amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-driven subinternship cancellations have demonstrated the need for supplemental, standardized subspecialty medical education, mentorship, and career planning nationally. We have presented the first live, cross-institutional virtual medical student subspecialty training camp to deliver standardized neurosurgical educational content to medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its results on medical student anxiety and perceptions of neurosurgery.

The online training camp used a video conferencing platform that was open to all medical students. A post-training camp survey was administered.

A total of 305 medical students registered for the event from 107 unique U.S. medical schools. Of the 305 medical students, 108 reported intending to apply to neurosurgery residency in 2021. The top medical student objectives for the training camp were program networking and mentorship. Of the 305 participants, 121 (39.7%) completed ucation in, neurosurgery and other subspecialties.

COVID-19-driven innovations in medical education have accelerated changes that may have long been necessary. This virtual structure improved resource usage and scalability compared with in-person training, maintained social distancing, and democratized access to standardized, specialized content not often available through traditional medical curricula. Even as a supplement to in-person events, the virtual training camp model could be implemented by national medical societies, which might significantly increase medical students’ preparedness for, and education in, neurosurgery and other subspecialties.