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3% versus 12.8%, respectively; P=0.33). The concomitant prevalence of diabetes and elevated depressive symptoms did not differ by HIV serostatus (P=0.215). In an adjusted analysis, men with uncontrolled diabetes had a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to men with normoglycaemia (prevalence ratio=1.43; 95% confidence interval 1.11, 1.84). The association between glycaemic status and depressive symptoms did not differ by HIV serostatus (P=0.22 for interaction).

Both controlled and uncontrolled diabetes were independently associated with a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms, regardless of HIV serostatus. These results highlight the importance of identifying depression in people with diabetes.

Both controlled and uncontrolled diabetes were independently associated with a greater prevalence of depressive symptoms, regardless of HIV serostatus. These results highlight the importance of identifying depression in people with diabetes.Under ocean warming and acidification, diatoms use a unique acclimation and adaptation strategy by saving energy and utilizing it for other cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this reprogramming of energy utilization are currently unknown. Here, we investigate the metabolic reprogramming of the ecologically important diatom Skeletonema dohrnii grown under two different temperature (21°C and 25°C) and pCO2 (400 and 1000 ppm) levels, utilizing global transcriptomic analysis. We find that evolutionary changes in the baseline gene expression, which we termed transcriptional up- and downregulation, is the primary mechanism used by diatoms to acclimate to the combined conditions of ocean warming and acidification. This transcriptional regulation shows that under higher temperature and pCO2 conditions, photosynthesis, electron transport and carboxylation were modified with increasing abundances of genes encoding ATP, NADPH and carbon gaining for the carbon-dioxide-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). Our results also indicate that changes in the transcriptional regulation of CCMs led to a decrease in the metabolic cost to save energy by promoting amino acid synthesis and nitrogen assimilation for the active protein processing machinery to adapt to warming and ocean acidification. This study generated unique metabolic insights into diatoms and suggests that future climate change conditions will cause evolutionary changes in oceanic diatoms that will facilitate their acclimation strategy.Recurrent infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the orofacial (cold sores), ocular or genital region are common and sometimes disabling, calling for an effective preventive intervention. The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has beneficial off-target effects that might impact recurrence of HSV infections. In this systematic review, Medline, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched in June 2020; 16 articles were deemed relevant comprising eight animal and eight human studies (301 patients). In animals, BCG administration led to a 1.9 to 5.5-fold increase in survival rate following HSV challenge (vaginal, corneal, or intraperitoneal inoculation). This beneficial effect was influenced by the dose of BCG (higher better), mode of administration (intradermal better than intraperitoneal), and the interval between vaccination and viral challenge (at least 6 days required). In nonrandomized human studies (that failed to control for a placebo effect), BCG vaccination appeared beneficial in 78% of adults with recurrent herpes genitalis or labialis, with 37% being recurrence-free for an extended period, 41% experiencing less frequent or severe episodes, and only 22% reporting no change. This clinical benefit is consistent with the findings of immunological sub-studies. In the two studies restricted to recurrent herpes labialis, 94% appeared to benefit from BCG. The one randomized controlled trial used an intervention in the control group that has immunomodulatory effects thus limiting interpretation. In conclusion, BCG vaccine is a potential, safe, affordable and readily available candidate intervention to decrease the high burden of disease associated with HSV infection and recurrences, but properly controlled randomized trials are required.

Currently available radiological methods do not completely capture the diversity of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion subtypes. This lack of information hampers the understanding of disease progression and potential treatment stratification. For example, inflammation persists in some lesions after gadolinium (Gd) enhancement resolves. Novel metabolic and molecular imaging methods may improve the current assessments of MS pathophysiology.

To compare the in vivo proton exchange rate (k

) MRI with Gd-enhanced MRI for characterizing MS lesions.

Retrospective.

Sixteen consecutively diagnosed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients.

3.0T MRI with T

-weighted imaging, postcontrast T

-weighted imaging, and single-slice chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging.

MS lesions in white matter were assessed for Gd enhancement and k

elevation compared to normal-appearing white matter (NAWM).

Student’s t-test was used for analyzing the difference of k

values between lesions and NAWM, wSON. IMAGING 2021;53408-415.

For Gd-enhancing lesions, kex MRI is highly consistent with Gd-enhanced images by showing 100% of elevated kex . For all Gd-negative lesions, the discrepancy on kex MRI may further differentiate active slowly expanding lesions or chronic inactive lesions, supporting kex as an imaging biomarker for tissue oxidative stress and inflammation. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53408-415.Despite growing pressure on biodiversity deriving from increasing anthropogenic disturbances, some species successfully persist in altered ecosystems. However, these species’ characteristics and thresholds, as well as the environmental frame behind that process are usually unknown. We collected data on body size, fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as well as nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15 N) from museum specimens of the European Common Frog, Rana temporaria, all originating from the Berlin-Brandenburg area, Germany, in order to test (a) if specimens have changed over the last 150 years (1868-2018); and (b) if changes could be attributed to increasing urbanization and agricultural intensity. We detected that after the Second World War, frogs were larger than in pre-war Berlin. In rural Brandenburg, we observed no such size change. Eganelisib concentration FA analysis revealed a similar tendency with lower levels in Berlin after the war and higher levels in Brandenburg. Enrichment of δ15 N decreased over time in both regions but was generally higher and less variable in sites with agricultural land use.