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When it comes to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and surgery, age is a proxy for early return to strenuous sports. In addition, premature return to sport is a risk factor for reinjury after ACL surgery. Thus, when considering ACL suture repair as an alternative to ACL graft reconstruction, we must consider that failure rates may be influenced by patient demographic variables, particularly age and activity. In the end, treatment options for young patients who are highly active and eager to make a timely return to sport after ACL injury require careful evaluation.Although most reports in the literature suggest that the knee anterolateral structures contribute to the anterolateral rotational stability of the knee, the extent of its contribution is still controversial. There are many dynamic structures that also affect the stability of the knee joint, including the iliotibial band and quadriceps muscle. Although not all of the dynamic structures surrounding the knee influence stability associated with the anterior cruciate ligament, we recommend that cadaveric, biomechanical analysis of the knee anterolateral ligament and related structures include tensioning of all knee dynamic structures to avoid potential biases.As one of the many causes of groin pain, iliopsoas tendinitis can be hard to identify and even harder to treat. It occurs in the setting of both the native hip joint and following total hip arthroplasty. Internal snapping, or coxa saltans, can result from the iliopsoas snapping over the anterior hip capsule or iliopectineal eminence and can be a source of labral pathology. The snapping can be painful or painless. Iliopsoas impingement over total hip components either from the cup or collar of a femoral stem are causes of anterior groin pain. However, there are multiple other causes of groin pain, both intra- and extra-articular, that can make finding the source of the pain difficult. Referred pain from the spine, gynecologic, and gastrointestinal systems can all cause pain in the groin. Core muscle injuries and athletic pubalgia can all cause groin pain and frequently mimic intra-articular hip pathology or iliopsoas tendinopathy. Ultrasound-guided diagnostic injection into the iliopsoas bursa or the juxtaposed hip joint (intra-articular injection) can be helpful in differentiating the source of the pain. Combining a clear history, detailed physical, basic and advanced imaging, as well as diagnostic injection is essential in diagnosing this elusive entity and guiding appropriate treatment.During hip arthroscopy, when a wave sign is encountered, it is a sign of labrochondral dysfunction, just like a traditional labral tear. Selleckchem Cy7 DiC18 Suture anchor fixation to the labrum can eliminate the wave sign and improve patient outcomes. Readers are urged not to equate hip labral pathology with shoulder labral tears, which have different pathomechanics, and subsequently may have different morphological characteristics.The use of advanced statistical methods and artificial intelligence including machine learning enables researchers to identify preoperative characteristics predictive of patients achieving minimal clinically important differences in health outcomes after interventions including surgery. Machine learning uses algorithms to recognize patterns in data sets to predict outcomes. The advantages are the ability, using “big data” registries, to infer relations that otherwise would not be readily understood and the ability to continuously improve the model as new data are added. However, machine learning has limitations. Models are only as good as the data incorporated, and data may be misapplied owing to huge data sets and strong computing capabilities, in which spurious correlations may be suggested based on significant P values. Hence, common sense must be applied. The future of outcome prediction studies will most definitely rely on machine learning and artificial intelligence methods.Although the clinical impact of positive cultures at the time of primary shoulder surgery remain unknown, much effort has been placed on identifying agents for skin preparation that reduce Cutibacterium acnes skin colonization. Although several randomized controlled trials of hydrogen peroxide use as part of the skin preparation exist, they are plagued by small sample sizes that lead to inadequate power or statistical fragility. Despite the lack of perfect data, our clinical experience and break-even analyses indicate value to routine use of hydrogen peroxide as part of the perioperative skin preparation prior to shoulder surgery.The topic of superior capsular reconstruction remains controversial. Whereas identifying the best time-zero graft configuration for this procedure remains important, the success or failure of the procedure will be dependent on the biology, not just the bench performance. Any conforming object placed in the subacromial space at time zero could center the humeral head and decrease superior translation compared with a massive rotator cuff tear but may not restore translation to normal. It does appear that a thicker graft is better in this regard, but how much thicker is better is unclear. Most of all, whether the mechanical benefits of a thicker graft will be offset by a thicker and potentially less biologically compatible construct is also unclear. In most orthopaedic settings, autografts remain consistently superior to allografts. The contrast in results may be better explained by biology, and the excellent superior capsular reconstruction results reported with autograft have not been replicated universally with dermal allograft.The creation of pain as the fifth vital sign in 2001 led to an unforeseen and dramatic increase in postoperative narcotic use. It became clear that chronic opioid use was associated with overdoses and deaths, and state medical licensing boards began to require completion of narcotic Continuing Medical Education courses to maintain licensure. Despite the overwhelming evidence of adverse effects of narcotic usage in both the pre- and postoperative periods, this continues to be a persistent problem in all areas of orthopaedic surgery. The magnitude of the problem is significant and now opioid-specific training is a mandated component of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Maintenance of Certification for their Web-based Longitudinal Assessment of continuing medical education. Large database studies are helpful in identifying trends and factors that influence outcomes, potentially cut cost of care, and hopefully help us find a way out of this ongoing dilemma. This dilemma has taken a long time to create and will require a concerted disciplined effort to eliminate.