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In view of known risk factors, advice was given for future outbreak investigations and natural playground design. © 2020 The Authors. Zoonoses and Public Health published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.INTRODUCTION Globally, increasing clinical demands threaten postgraduate radiology training programmes. Time-based assessment of clinical workload is optimal in the academic environment, where an estimated 30% of consultant time should ideally be devoted to non-reporting activities. There has been limited analysis of the academic radiologist workload in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Departmental staffing and clinical statistics were reviewed for 2008 and 2017. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists ‘study ascribable times’ (RANZCR-SATs) for primary consultant reporting were used with the Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) 2012 guidelines for secondary review of resident reports, to estimate the total consultant-hours required for each year’s clinical workload. Analyses were stratified by type of investigation (plain-film vs. special) and expressed as a proportion of the total annual available consultant working hours. RESULTS Reporting all investigations required 90% and 100%, while reporting special investigations alone, demanded 53% and 69% of annual consultant working hours in 2008 and 2017, respectively. Between 2008 and 2017, the proportion of consultant time available for plain-film reporting decreased from 17% to 1%, while preserving 30% for non-reporting activities. CONCLUSION A time-based analysis of the academic radiologist’s clinical workload, utilizing the RANZCR-SATs and RCR 2012 guidelines for primary and secondary reporting, respectively, provides a reasonably accurate reflection of the service pressures in resource-constrained environments and has potential international applicability. © 2020 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.Chelonians are one of the most imperiled vertebrate taxa and many species are increasingly threatened by disease, however, the immune response in this group is understudied. We quantified the innate immune response of eastern (Terrapene carolina; EBT) and ornate (Terrapene ornate; OBT) box turtles using plasma antibacterial activity assays. Plasma from both species abolished or significantly reduced the growth of all eight bacterial species evaluated, including Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundi, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Bactericidal capacity was greater in OBT compared to EBT, and OBT plasma retained high antibacterial activities at a broader temperature range (20-40°C) compared to EBT (30-40°C). find more Plasma antibacterial activity was abolished following treatment with heat, protease, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, indicating that complement is likely responsible for the observed effects. Further characterization of the box turtle immune response may provide insight into the importance of infectious diseases for species conservation, enabling the development of more efficient and effective population management strategies. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Executive functioning (EF) difficulties may be associated with problems regulating eating behaviours. Few studies have evaluated this question in youth using diverse measures of EF or objective measures of energy intake. METHODS The current study used neuropsychological tasks and a laboratory test meal to evaluate the links between EF and youth’s disinhibited eating patterns. Two-hundred-five nontreatment seeking youth (M age = 13.1 ± 2.8 years; M BMIz = 0.6 ± 1.0; 33.2% overweight; 54.1% female) completed tasks measuring decision making, general and food-specific behavioural disinhibition, willingness to delay gratification for food and money, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Age (children vs adolescents) was examined as a moderator. All analyses adjusted for demographic factors, pubertal status, lean mass (kg), fat mass (%), height, general intellectual functioning, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple comparisons, more general behavioural disinhibition was associated with greater total energy intake (P = .02), and poorer cognitive flexibility was associated with more fat intake (P = .03) across all ages. Poorer decision making in children (P = .04), but not adolescents (P = .24), was associated with greater fat intake. Food-specific behavioural disinhibition, the ability to delay gratification for both food and monetary rewards, and working memory were not significantly associated with youth’s disinhibited eating patterns during a single meal. CONCLUSIONS Most domains of EF were not associated with youth’s disinhibited eating. Significant associations may highlight the need to target specific cognitive processes, particularly behavioural disinhibition, decision making, and cognitive flexibility, in potential intervention strategies for children’s disinhibited eating. © 2020 World Obesity Federation.The CRISPR-Cas technologies derived from bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune systems have emerged as a series of groundbreaking nucleic acid-guided gene editing tools, ultimately standing out among several engineered nucleases because of their high efficiency, sequence-specific targeting, ease of programming and versatility. Facilitated by the advancement across multiple disciplines such as bioinformatics, structural biology and high-throughput sequencing, the discoveries and engineering of various innovative CRISPR-Cas systems are rapidly expanding the CRISPR toolbox. This is revolutionizing not only genome editing but also various other types of nucleic acid-guided manipulations such as transcriptional control and genomic imaging. Meanwhile, the adaptation of various CRISPR strategies in multiple settings has realized numerous previously non-existing applications, ranging from the introduction of sophisticated approaches in basic research to impactful agricultural and therapeutic applications. Here, we summarize the recent advances of CRISPR technologies and strategies, as well as their impactful applications. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.