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Also, considerations of oral inflammation and periodontal health are important to replication and gene expression of viruses in the mouth. Considering that a key risk factor for this scenario is the presence of oncogenic virus infection such as several members of the human herpesvirus and human papillomavirus families, here we analyze the variables involved in the seeming increase in comorbidities in PLWH.

Accurate HIV diagnosis is essential for appropriate patient care. Rapid tests (RTs) are considered key to HIV screening and management. Some studies have found RTs to be comparable with the ELISA test whilst others have reported lower sensitivity.

The aim of this retrospective, descriptive study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the HIV 1/2/O Tri-line rapid test (HIV-TRT) device compared with ELISA.

The study sample comprised 45 records of patients who tested for HIV using the HIV-TRT device and ELISA.

As compared with ELISA as the 100% gold standard, the sensitivity of the HIV-TRT was 80% (CI 59%-93%) and specificity was 100% (CI 83%-100%). ROC area of 0.9 at 95% CI was determined.

The low sensitivity of HIV-TRT is a concern, since HIV screening in South Africa makes use of RTs.

The low sensitivity of HIV-TRT is a concern, since HIV screening in South Africa makes use of RTs.HIV is no longer a death sentence with early diagnosis and effective treatment contributing to a good prognosis. Surveillance data, however, suggest that one in four people globally living with HIV are unaware of their HIV infection and remains at risk of transmitting their infection if having unprotected sex. A wider array of testing opportunities and settings are thus needed to address this issue of public health significance. Evidence suggests there is a role for the dental team, particularly dentists, in offering chairside point-of-care HIV screening to patients during their dental appointments. Dentists, dental hygienists, and other members of the dental team may still have a role in helping to identify new cases of HIV with the goal of improving health outcomes, addressing health inequalities and improving the quality and quantity of life. This paper reviews the global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, summarizes the point-of-care HIV testing process, highlights key findings of international studies (from high-, middle-, and low-income countries) on the role of dental professionals in point-of-care HIV testing, and offers suggestions for what additional evidence is needed to make point-of-care HIV testing a routine part of dental care.Self-Testing for HIV (HIVST) was approved as additional testing modality by the WHO in December 2016. The South African National Department of Health has adopted these guidelines and has sanctioned the assessment of various testing modalities to scale up HIV testing in response to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. HIV self-tests are targeted at reaching infrequent, under-tested and high-risk populations. Herewith, we present the progress to date on the testing of various models of distribution through public and private sector initiatives. The oral test, called OraQuick HIV1/2, was the first test to be WHO Pre-Qualified for HIVST. Through the STAR Initiative, implementers have distributed oral HIVST kits to primary recipients (end-users) and secondary distribution (to networks/partners) between January 2018 and August 2019. Models of distribution in the public sector include community- and facility-based distribution which target high prevalence areas, high volume transport hubs and other facilities through which target groups can be reached. this website In the private sector, we have targeted workplaces, private pharmacies and waiting rooms of health professionals. For the period under review in this article, 1 231 138 were distributed. Follow-up of users is through digital platforms such as WhatsApp, Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) and progressive web applications. Progress has been steady, and the full results of the STAR programme are expected by the end of 2020 once all tests have been distributed.The significance of the oral manifestations of HIV has been widely recognised since the start of the epidemic. link2 It is estimated that more than 38 million people are living with HIV currently, with more than a third presenting with oral manifestations. Access to optimum clinical management and effective treatment in resource-rich countries has led to a remarkable decrease in some of the oral manifestations in the HIV population but this is not mirrored in developing countries, where most HIV-positive patients reside. In this paper, a review of the literature since the start of the HIV infection in different parts of the world is presented to highlight the current significance of the oral conditions in this population. Oral candidiasis was repeatedly reported as the most encountered oral manifestation of HIV in different countries, including in studies on groups on anti-retroviral therapy. Over time salivary gland disease was reported less in developed countries but was encountered more in developing countries. There is evidence to show that the prevalence of oral warts increased with the establishment of anti-retroviral therapy. A review of the worldwide prevalence of HIV-related oral conditions indicates that except for oral hairy leucoplakia, the prevalence of all other nine commonly reported oral conditions remained the same or increased over time. Oral opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients are an ongoing clinical burden mainly in developing countries. link3 Maintaining research in the subject and improving access to HIV treatment will help address the oral health inequalities around the world.Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most prevalent HIV-related oral lesion in patients on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) or without cART. Management is challenged in some patients by development of resistance to azole drugs, such as fluconazole. Recent scientific knowledge about OC pathogenesis, the role of OC in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), the relationship of OC with the microbiome, and novelties in OC treatment was discussed in an international workshop format. Literature searches were conducted to address five questions (a) Considering the pathogenesis of Candida spp. infection, are there any potential therapeutic targets that could be considered, mainly in HIV-infected individuals resistant to fluconazole? (b) Is oral candidiasis part of IRIS in HIV patients who receive cART? (c) Can management of the oral microbiome reduce occurrence of OC in patients with HIV infection? (d) What are the recent advances (since 2015) regarding plant-based and alternative medicines in management of OC? and (e) Is there a role for photodynamic therapy in management of OC in HIV-infected patients? A number of the key areas where further research is necessary were identified to allow a deeper insight into this oral condition that could help to understand its nature and recommend alternatives for care.We present here the first reported case of a non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) in an HIV-exposed newborn of a mother on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Indonesia. Genetic testing was performed to confirm a suspected genetic condition. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood, and genetic variations of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) rs642961 (Mspl) (G>A) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) BamHI (rs11466297, A>C) and RsaI (rs3732248, C>T) were performed by PCR-RFLP and IRF6 gene analysis by PCR sequencing. Genotyping of DNA sequence variants in the IRF6 gene showed both parents had genotype GA, while the child had genotype GG (genotype wild type). There was no difference observed in the TGFA BamHI gene variant between the child and her mother and father that were wild-type polymorphisms (normal), while the Rsa1 polymorphisms of them were heterozygotes. A genetic variant of IRF6 might be a protective factor for NSCLP, while Rsa1 gene variant (A) allele can be considered to be the risk factor associated with NSCLP development. This case report also highlights the possible etiologic role of ART in NSCLP; therefore, early control of adverse effects of ART might be an important factor in decreasing the incidence of the congenital anomalies in HIV-infected children.HIV incidence is still increasing in parts of Indonesia and in several Asian Countries. New cases of HIV in Indonesia have risen from 7,000 per year in 2006 to 48,000 per year in 2017. In spite of this increase, the number of newly diagnosed cases of AIDS has decreased from a peak of over 12,000 in 2013 to a little over 9,000 in 2017. The mean prevalence of HIV in Indonesia is 0.41% but there is a ten-fold difference in the prevalence in different regions with the highest in Papua (5%). Women represent over 35% of new infections per year and of the total (640,000) in Indonesia. Over 50% of HIV diagnoses are made when patients already have AIDS. Stigma and discrimination are still strong barriers in prevention and treatment but also there are considerable challenges in access to appropriate anti-retroviral therapy. There is a need for further investment in HIV Programs in Indonesia so that prevention can be enhanced, and diagnosis made at an earlier stage. Health Professionals including dentists should be readily willing to provide joint prevention efforts and care to people at risk and with HIV and other infectious diseases to help meet the WHO aims of 2030. Public health programmes are needed to make certain that the general public is aware of HIV testing and the role of dental healthcare workers in facilitating this, thereby further normalising attitudes to people living with HIV.

Dentists have an important role in reducing new HIV infections by early diagnosis and need to know how to treat patients with HIV and understand universal cross-infection control. In many parts of the world, healthcare professionals struggle to provide care because of barriers including stigma and cultural attitudes.

To investigate the effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in understanding/changing the views of dental school deans regarding the quality of the oral health and HIV/AIDS teaching and their willingness to undertake a curriculum review if appropriate.

Questionnaires before and after interactive presentation to the deans of 30 Indonesian dental schools and discussion.

Only six of 30 dental school deans believed that their HIV undergraduate dental student teaching was inadequate before the intervention, but 29 of 30 deans recognised the need to review their curriculum after the intervention. Whilst the majority (24/30) felt that their HIV teaching was adequate, good or excellent, the majority also thought that their students would find it difficult to treat patients with HIV.

The brief educational intervention was effective in improving the understanding/changing the views of dental school deans regarding the quality of HIV/AIDS teaching and learning at their own institution and engaging a willingness to undertake curriculum review.

The brief educational intervention was effective in improving the understanding/changing the views of dental school deans regarding the quality of HIV/AIDS teaching and learning at their own institution and engaging a willingness to undertake curriculum review.