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When the electron energy is low, SFn + e → SFn- series reactions occur, and △G of R12, R20, R28, R36, and R44 increases with temperature rise, while △G of R4 decreases with temperature. When the electron energy is high, one of SFn-  → SFn-1-  + F, SFn-  → SFn-1 + F-, and SFn-  → SFn-1 + F + e will occur, and the reactions that occur at various temperature ranges as the temperature rises vary. When the second electron hits the SFn-, the SFn-  + e → SFn-1-  + F reaction will occur. The △G of this reaction slowly decreases with an increase in temperature. check details This study in clearer terms explains the decomposition process and mechanism of SFn at different temperatures.

Following surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) up to 40% of people report persistent walking disability. This study aimed to identify pre-operative factors that are predictive of walking ability post-surgery for LSS.

An observational cohort study was conducted using data from the British Spine Registry (2017-2018) of adults (≥ 50years) with LSS, who underwent ≤ 2 level posterior lumbar decompression. Patients receiving fixation or who had previous lumbar surgery were excluded. Walking ability was assessed by a single item on the Oswestry Disability Index and dichotomised into poor/good outcome. Multivariable regression models were performed.

14,485 patients were identified. Pre-operatively 30% patients reported poor walking ability, this decreased to 8% at 12months follow-up. Predictors associated with poor walking ability at 12months were increasing age (≥ 75years OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.07, 2.18), BMI ≥ 35kg/m

(OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.00, 2.30), severity of leg pain (OR 1.10, CI 95% 1.01, 1.21), disability ated with reduced risk of poor walking ability post-operatively. Patients should be counselled on their risk of poor outcome and considered for rehabilitation so that walking and surgical outcomes may be optimised.

Navigation and robotic-guided systems are being used more often to facilitate efficient and accurate placement of hardware during spinal surgeries. Preoperative surgical planning is a key step in the safe use of these tools. No studies have yet investigated the predictive accuracy of surgical planning using a robotic guidance system.

Data were prospectively collected from patients in whom Mazor X-Align ™ [Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN., USA] robotic guidance system software was used to plan their spinal instrumentation in order to achieve the best possible correction and the plans executed intraoperatively under robotic guidance.

A total of 33 patients (26 females, 7 males) were included. Their mean age was 51years (12-79), and their mean BMI was 23.90 (15.55-35.91). Their primary diagnoses were scoliosis (20), kyphosis (5), spondylolisthesis (4), adjacent segment degeneration (3), and metastatic tumor (1). Preoperatively, the patients’ mean coronal Cobb Angle (CA) was 36.5 ± 14.4°, and their mean sagittal CA was 27.7 ± 20.0°. The mean planned correction coronal CA was 0.2 ± 1.2°, and the mean planned correction sagittal CA was 28.4 ± 16.7°. Postoperatively, the patients’ mean coronal CA that was achieved was 5.8 ± 7.4°, and their mean sagittal CA was 31.0 ± 18.3°. The mean difference between the planned and achieved angles was 5.5 ± 7.4° for the coronal, and 9.03 ± 9.01° for the sagittal CA. For the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis, the mean difference between the planned and postoperatively measured values was 15.3 ± 10.8 and 12.8 ± 9.6, respectively.

This study indicates that the predictive accuracy of the use of preoperative planning software and robotic guidance to facilitate the surgical plan is within 6° and 9° in the coronal and sagittal planes, respectively.

This study indicates that the predictive accuracy of the use of preoperative planning software and robotic guidance to facilitate the surgical plan is within 6° and 9° in the coronal and sagittal planes, respectively.An investigation was conducted to identify polymorphism in mannose-binding lectin 1 (MBL1) gene and its effect on udder health and performance traits in dairy cattle and buffalo of India. Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) c.2534G > A of MBL1 gene was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). All the possible genotypes for SNP c.2534G > A (GG, AG, and AA) were observed in the studied population. However, Sahiwal cows revealed dimorphic pattern (AG and GG). The effect of targeted SNP on incidence of mastitis was evaluated and found to be significant. Animals with GG genotype were less susceptible to clinical mastitis and had comparatively lower somatic cell score (SCS) in Hardhenu cattle (P  less then  0.01) and Murrah buffalo (P  less then  0.05). Animals having GG genotype also exhibited significantly (P  less then  0.05) lower age at first calving (AFC). AG genotyped Murrah buffalo animals revealed significantly higher second lactation milk yield (P  less then  0.01). GG genotype with SCS and AFC could therefore be exploited as a promising candidate marker for the genetic improvement of udder health and AFC in dairy animals.After the 2005-2009 chikungunya epidemic, intermittent outbreaks were reported in many parts of India. The outbreaks were caused by either locally circulating strains or imported viruses. Virus transmission routes can be traced by complete genome sequencing studies. We investigated two outbreaks in 2014 and 2019 in Kerala, India. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from the samples, and whole genomes were sequenced for a 2014 isolate and a 2019 isolate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates formed a separate group with a 2019 isolate from Pune, Maharashtra, and belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, Indian subcontinent sublineage of the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). A novel mutation at amino acid position 76 of the E2 gene was observed in the group. The phylogenetic results suggest that the outbreaks might have been caused by a virus that had been circulating in India since 2014. A detailed study is needed to investigate the evolution of CHIKV in India.Researchers are increasingly applying neuroscience technologies that probe or manipulate the brain to improve educational outcomes. However, their use remains fraught with ethical controversies. Here, we investigate the acceptability of neuroscience applications to educational practice in two groups of young adults those studying bioscience who will be driving future basic neuroscience research and technology transfer, and those studying education who will be choosing among neuroscience-derived applications for their students. Respondents rated the acceptability of six scenarios describing neuroscience applications to education spanning multiple methodologies, from neuroimaging to neuroactive drugs to brain stimulation. They did so from two perspectives (student, teacher) and for three recipient populations (low-achieving, high-achieving students, students with learning disabilities). Overall, the biosciences students were more favorable to all neuroscience applications than the education students. Scenarios that measured brain activity (i.e., EEG or fMRI) to assess or predict intellectual abilities were deemed more acceptable than manipulations of mental activity by drug use or stimulation techniques, which may violate body integrity. Enhancement up to the norm for low-achieving students and especially students with learning disabilities was more favorably viewed than enhancement beyond the norm for high-achieving students. Finally, respondents rated neuroscientific applications to be less acceptable when adopting the perspective of a teacher than that of a student. Future studies should go beyond the acceptability ratings collected here to delineate the role that concepts of access, equity, authenticity, agency and personal choice play in guiding respondents’ reasoning.

To evaluate choroidal vascular involvement in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) by applying the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) to optic coherence tomography (OCT) images.

Seventy-eight eyes from 40 subjects were included the study. Group 1 included healthy eyes (n = 20), group 2 eyes with PEX (n = 16), and group 3 eyes with PEXG (n = 42). OCT imaging of macular and peripapillary regions and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analyses were performed. CVI was calculated using ImageJ software.

The mean age was 64.89 ± 5.8, 71.2 ± 7.8, and 68.24 ± 7.4years in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p = 0.046). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sex (p = 0.777). In macula, mean CVI rates were 66.97 ± 1.9%, 64.23 ± 1.2%, and 64.63 ± 1.6%, and in the peripapillary areas, mean CVI rates were 67.04 ± 1.5%, 65.20 ± 1.5%, and 64.14 ± 2.1% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (group 1 vs. group 2 and 3, p = 0.000; group 2 vs. group 3, p > 0.05). The decrease in average RNFL thickness was statistically significant in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2.

CVI could be used to assess choroidal vascular changes in ocular diseases. CVI was found to be reduced in PEX and PEXG, indicating an ocular vascular involvement in pseudoexfoliative process.

CVI could be used to assess choroidal vascular changes in ocular diseases. CVI was found to be reduced in PEX and PEXG, indicating an ocular vascular involvement in pseudoexfoliative process.

The present study evaluates outcome after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with concurrent and/or sequential Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) or Ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibition (CPI) for inoperable stage III NSCLC patients depending on planning target volume (PTV).

Prospective data of thirty-three consecutive patients with inoperable stage III NSCLC treated with CRT and sequential durvalumab (67%, 22 patients) or concurrent and sequential nivolumab (33%, 11 patients) were analyzed. Different PTV cut offs and PTV as a continuous variable were evaluated for their association with progression-free (PFS), local-regional progression-free (LRPFS), extracranial distant metastasis-free (eMFS) and brain-metastasis free-survival (BMFS).

All patients were treated with conventionally fractionated thoracic radiotherapy (TRT); 93% to a total dose of at least 60Gy, 97% of patients received two cycles of concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Median follow-up for the entire cohort was 19.9 (range 6.0-42.4) months; prospective analysis of inoperable stage III NSCLC patients treated with definitive CRT combined with concurrent and/or sequential CPI, significantly shorter PFS and eMFS were observed in patients with initial PTV ≥ 900ccm.

In this prospective analysis of inoperable stage III NSCLC patients treated with definitive CRT combined with concurrent and/or sequential CPI, significantly shorter PFS and eMFS were observed in patients with initial PTV ≥ 900ccm.The objective of this study was to test a self-management model for self-management in people living with HIV and type 2 diabetes (PLWH + T2DM). We conducted a predictive, longitudinal study of data from a national research cohort of PLWH using lag analysis to test short- and long-term health outcomes for PLWH + T2DM. We used a dataset from the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Network of Integrated Clinic Systems (CNICS), a nation-wide research network of 8 clinics that serves PLWH. Patient-reported outcomes, collected at clinic visit, included depression, adherence, CD4 cell count, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We computed summary statistics to describe the sample. Using lag analysis, we then modeled the three variables of adherence, CD4 count, and HRQoL as a function of their predecessors in our conceptual model. In the final model, an increase of in medication adherence corresponded to a small increase in HRQoL. An increase in CD4 count corresponded to a small increase in HRQoL. An increase in lagged depression was associated with a small decrease in HRQoL.