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Systems of oppression have shaped the prejudicial treatment of Black people based on the appearance of their hair, from the era of chattel enslavement to present-day America. Hair discrimination is a social injustice characterized by unfairly regulating and insulting people based on the appearance of their hair. A sampling of 90 African American community members narrated memories of hair discrimination using the guided hair autobiography method. While the hair narratives revealed texture, length, and style were the most common entry points into discriminatory behaviors, color, hair augmentation, density, and product choice were also tools of “othering” within a Eurocentric aesthetic value system. The narratives suggested that men and women experience interpersonal rejections early in their development in both emotionally intimate (at home with family) and public settings (at school with teachers and classmates). Sadness was the most frequently reported emotional response to these rejections. These findings extend the current literature on the psychological significance of hair within Black lives and pleads for policies of hair protection at work, hair-based professional development for teachers in schools, hair-influenced educational curriculum for students, community-based programming in hair care settings, and family interventions during hair combing interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Individuals who survive natural hazards often develop posttraumatic stress symptoms or other forms of psychological distress. However, some experience psychological growth. Given that natural hazards will increase in the near future due to global warming, it would be helpful to examine predictors of growth across different kinds of natural hazards. The present study examined positive psychological factors that may serve as buffers against the negative effects of exposure to a natural hazard, specifically following the Louisiana flooding of August 2016. Volunteer participants (N = 120) self-reported perceived presence and search for meaning in life, social support, resilience, and posttraumatic growth (PTG). After controlling for amount of property damaged, posttraumatic stress symptoms, gender, religion, and ethnicity or race, presence and search for meaning, social support, and resilience explained significant additional variance in PTG scores. This research adds to the growing understanding of how individuals respond to natural hazards. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Theories that describe how people assign prices and make choices are typically based on the idea that both of these responses are derived from a common static, deterministic function used to assign utilities to options. However, preference reversals-where prices assigned to gambles conflict with preference orders elicited through binary choices-indicate that the response processes underlying these different methods of evaluation are more intricate. We address this issue by formulating a new computational model that assumes an initial bias or anchor that depends on type of price task (buying, selling, or certainty equivalents) and a stochastic evaluation accumulation process that depends on gamble attributes. To test this new model, we investigated choices and prices for a wide range of gambles and price tasks, including pricing under time pressure. In line with model predictions, we found that price distributions possessed stark skew that depended on the type of price and the attributes of gambles being considered. Prices were also sensitive to time pressure, indicating a dynamic evaluation process underlying price generation. The model out-performed prospect theory in predicting prices and additionally predicted the response times associated with these prices, which no prior model has accomplished. Finally, we show that the model successfully predicts out-of-sample choices and that its parameters allow us to fit choice response times as well. This price accumulation model therefore provides a superior account of the distributional and dynamic properties of price, leveraging process-level mechanisms to provide a more complete account of the valuation processes common across multiple methods of eliciting preference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).As schools increasingly implement multitiered systems of support, there is a pressing need to develop psychometrically sound implementation fidelity measures. The interconnected systems framework (ISF) is a multitiered model blending systems of positive behavioral interventions and supports with promotion, prevention, and intervention strategies of school mental health. The ISF is being implemented in communities across the United States with ongoing evaluation in several randomized controlled trials. The ISF-Implementation Inventory (ISF-II) was developed to measure fidelity of the ISF within a school building. We conducted a national validation study including completion of the ISF-II by 398 educators in 49 schools, 16 school districts, and 9 states. Results indicate the ISF-II produces scores that are internally consistent and structurally valid when items are organized into a three-tiered model. Additionally, the ISF-II was rated as feasible, acceptable, and beneficial. Limitations of the study, including the need for additional psychometric testing, are discussed in light of these results that suggest educators and researchers, alike, should feel confident in using the ISF-II as a measure of ISF implementation quality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective The aim of this study was to pilot test a novel assessment and treatment plan for patients with a schizotypal personality disorder by integrating the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) alternative model of personality disorders, metacognitively oriented psychotherapies, and recovery approaches. Method I recruited 12 patients diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder. I report results from the global assessment including measures on symptoms, maladaptive traits, Big Five personality traits, schizophrenia proneness, and metacognition. I also describe how I planned treatment to promote an individualized understanding of a person’s agenda and recovery. The treatment plans were also evaluated through in-depth qualitative interviews at the end of the intervention. Interviews were analyzed through a phenomenological framework and a computer-aided qualitative analysis software. Results Assessment results and qualitative interviews highlight the importance of a multilevel, progressive treatment plan aimed at considering the personality functioning from a recovery-oriented, nonpathologizing approach. On 1 hand, an assessment that focuses on both healthy and maladaptive traits fosters a progressive redefinition of the therapeutic agenda. On the other hand, a constant and recursive evaluation of metacognition and personality traits offers a treatment strategy that supports my core assumption that recovery from schizotypal personality disorder is possible. Conclusions and implications for practice A twofold focus on personality traits and metacognition seems to represent a viable strategy for treating patients with schizotypal personality disorder. A metacognitively oriented rehabilitation may be a flexible, personalized and effective approach toward recovery. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The mirror mark test is generally considered to be an indicator of an animal’s ability to recognize itself in the mirror. For this test, an animal is confronted with a mirror and has a mark placed where it can see the mark only with the help of the mirror. When the animal extensively touches or interacts with the mark, compared with control conditions, the mirror mark test is passed. Many nonhuman animal species have been tested, but few have succeeded. After magpies and Indian house crows passed, there has been a sustained interest to find out whether other corvids would pass the mirror mark test. Here, we presented 12 carrion crows (Corvus corone corone) with the mirror mark test. There was no significant increase of mark-directed behavior in the mirror mark test, compared with control conditions. We find very few occasions of mark-directed behaviors and have to interpret them in the context of self-directed behavior more generally. In addition, we show that our crows were motivated to interact with a mark when it was visible to them without the aid of a mirror. We conclude that our crows fail the test, and thereby replicate previous studies showing a similar failure in corvids, and crows in particular. Because our study adds to the growing literature of corvids failing the mirror mark test, the issue of mirror self-recognition in these birds remains controversial. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Humans use tools with specific functions to solve tasks more efficiently. However, functional specialization often comes at a cost It can hinder the production of actions that are not usually performed with those tools, thus resulting in a fixation effect (functional fixedness). Little is known about whether our closest living relatives, the nonhuman great apes, are vulnerable to this detrimental effect of experience. We examined whether great apes from 4 species (N = 35) would become fixated on the familiar action with an object. More precisely, some subjects experienced a novel food item (grissini), either whole or broken into pieces, whereas others did not. Then, subjects faced a task that required them to use the food item to rake in an out-of-reach food reward. Results indicated that all 4 species could use a food item as a tool. Apes were more likely to do so in the first trial when they had not experienced the tool as food before, even though they tasted the food before using it as a tool. Orangutans and bonobos used the food item more often as a tool than chimpanzees. A preference test ruled out that performance was dependent on individual or species food preferences. Our results suggest that apes might have represented one object in two different ways (i.e., as “food” and as “tool”) and then became fixated on one of these two representations. However, it is unclear whether the fixation occurred because of the item’s prior function or its identity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Performance of honeybees resembles that of vertebrates in a variety of associative learning experiments. Recent work has focused on relational learning phenomena not easily explained by associative principles, including same/different problems, the simplest of which is the oddity problem. kira6 purchase Free-flying bees were trained to visit a laboratory window and were rewarded for choice of the odd stimulus among a set of stimuli. There were two stimulus categories, single-color solids and two-color patterns. The training was trial-unique, with new sets of stimuli on each trial. In Experiment 1, 4 groups were trained in a 3-stimulus oddity problem, 2 with solid odd and patterns nonodd and 2 with pattern odd and solids nonodd. For 1 group in each condition, the odd and nonodd stimuli shared a color. The performance of all groups was better than chance. The bees could solve the problem on the basis of oddity (same vs. different) or category (solid vs. pattern). These possibilities were unconfounded in Experiment 2 with 2 groups trained in a 4-stimulus oddity problem.