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Infectious endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart, as well as the valves that separate each of the four chambers within the heart. It is primarily a disease caused by bacteria and has a wide array of manifestations and sequelae. Without early identification and treatment, a myriad of intracardiac and far-reaching extracardiac complications can develop. Therefore, careful evaluation, including a thorough history and physical exam, can help diagnoses cases and guide management, limiting mortality and morbidity.Initially described by Hildebrand in 1895, Warthin tumor (also known as cystadenolymphoma), is a benign and frequent salivary gland neoplasm. It represents about 2% to 15% of all primary epithelial tumors of the parotid gland. Extra-parotid Warthin tumor is very rare and may occur in the periparotid lymph node, nasopharynx, eyelid, and oral cavity. Warthin tumor is histologically characterized by a dense lymphoid stroma and a double layer of oncocytic epithelium with a papillary and cystic architectural pattern. Its etiology remains controversial.The inguinal lymph node can be subdivided into the superficial and deep lymph nodes and collectively drains the anal canal(below the pectinate line), the skin below the umbilicus, lower extremity, scrotum, vulva, glans penis, and clitoris. The lymph node’s primary function is to filter for harmful substances as lymphatic fluids travel through its cortex, paracortex, and medulla. Clinical signs of inguinal lymphadenopathy can help to clue physicians in possible diagnoses of sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, chancroid, and lymphogranuloma venereum. The lymph node can also serve to assist in the diagnosis of cancer.Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) occurs after repeated exposure to an irritant or allergen. ACD is the most frequent occupational skin disease. It is based on a delayed-hypersensitivity reaction and can result from contact with metals, most commonly nickel. The metals that most frequently cause these reactions can be found in a variety of everyday items (e.g., kitchen tools, watches, earrings, bracelets), medical devices, and industrial applications.The sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SANS) is spatially and pathophysiologically related to both acute and chronic pain. Acute generalized sympathetic activation, as occurs with the stress response, can temporarily increase the nociceptive threshold via a combination of neural and endocrine effects. Given its trophic and immunomodulatory function, the SANS can exert pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive effects, particularly at the tissue level. Blocking regional sympathetic efferent activity can indirectly relieve ischemic pain. Similarly, a regional blockade of sympathetic activity can directly interrupt nociceptive transmission of pain from internal organs, as most general afferent visceral fibers travel with sympathetic nerves. GSK3787 in vitro The SANS may pathologically evolve into a major contributor of pain (“sympathetically mediated pain”), as occurs in the case of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Selective interventional blockade of sympathetic pathways is commonly used to treat ischemic pain or sympathetically mediated pain. Most large sympathetic ganglia and plexi are anatomically separate from somatic nerves in prevertebral and paravertebral regions, and thus are readily accessible to percutaneous interruption. When indicated, sympathetic blocks can provide significant analgesia without causing somatic sensory deficits; but blockade of visceral sympathetics will shift the homeostatic balance in the target region toward parasympathetic prevalence, with corresponding physiologic effects.The rooting reflex is one of the involuntary primitive motor reflexes, which are also known as the frontal release reflexes, that are mediated by the brainstem. It initiates when the corner of an infant’s mouth is stimulated. When the mouth is touched or stroked, the newborn will turn his or her head towards the stimulus and open the mouth with tongue thrusting. The rooting reflex is present at birth (approximately 28 weeks) and lasts about 4 to 6 months until the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex develops and suppresses the primitive motor reflexes. As the frontal lobe matures, the primitive reflexes are replaced with voluntary motor functions. The age when each primitive reflex disappears varies. For example, the plantar grasp reflex disappears after about 9 to 12 months.The nasopharynx represents the most superior portion of the pharynx, bounded superiorly by the skull base and inferiorly by the soft palate. The nasopharynx connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx and contains the Eustachian tube openings and adenoids. Notable clinical situations include nasopharyngeal carcinoma and adenoidal hypertrophy. This review will discuss the anatomy of the nasopharynx, including the structure, function, embryology, blood supply, innervation, anatomical variants, and clinical relevance.The application of the knowledge on dihydrotestosterone-related processes spans from the prenatal development of organs to the aging-related complications in males. A clinician can single-handedly tackle the issues that occur out throughout the age spectrum. This hormone finds its utility as an essential hormone in males until puberty, after which it is considered an etiology for certain diseases. The dual function of this hormone places it in the basic science and applied field of medicine. This article aims to outline the basic biochemistry of the hormone, its physiological functions at different stages of development, and its role in certain pathological conditions.Auditory hallucinations are the sensory perceptions of hearing voices without an external stimulus. This symptom is particularly associated with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders but is not specific to it. Auditory hallucinations are one of the major symptoms of psychosis. Nonpsychotic disorders known to be associated with auditory hallucinations are mood disorders, trauma-related, substance-related, neurological, personality, as well as their occurrence in “healthy” individuals. It is essential to recognize the disorders associated with the symptom of auditory hallucinations to treat the underlying cause. These voices can be distressful when they are threatening, derogatory, commanding, or haunting, affecting the social and occupational functioning of an individual. They can be distressing to families and friends. Even though many individuals attain full remission, a good number live with these harmful voices, thereby sirening for a close follow up with an elaborate interprofessional team with the objective of providing holistic treatment.