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By contrast, a hippocampal sub-region represents events sharing narrow conjunctions as dissimilar. The success of the hippocampal conjunctive encoding model is anti-correlated with generalization performance in amPFC on a trial-by-trial basis, consistent with a pattern separation mechanism. Thus, these three regions appear to play distinct, but complementary, roles in encoding compositional event structure. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] agriculture to climate change is driving the need for the selection and breeding of drought tolerant crops. The aim of this study was to identify key drought tolerance traits and determine the sequence of their water potential thresholds across three grapevine cultivars with contrasting water-use behaviors, Grenache, Syrah, and Semillon. We quantified differences in water use between cultivars and combined this with the determination of other leaf level traits (e.g. leaf turgor loss point, πTLP), leaf vulnerability to embolism (P50), and the hydraulic safety margin (HSM P50). Semillon exhibited the highest maximum transpiration (Emax), and lowest sensitivity of canopy stomatal conductance (Gc) to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), followed by Syrah and Grenache. Increasing Emax was correlated with more negative water potential at which stomata close (Pgs90), πTLP, and P50 suggesting that increasing water use is associated with hydraulic traits allowing gas exchange under more negative water potentials. Nevertheless, all the cultivars closed their stomata prior to leaf embolism formation. Modeling simulations demonstrated that despite a narrower HSM Grenache takes longer to reach thresholds of hydraulic failure due to its conservative water use. This study demonstrates that the relationships between leaf hydraulic traits are complex and interactive, stressing the importance of integrating multiple traits in characterizing drought tolerance. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a midbrain structure at the heart of the dopaminergic system underlying adaptive behavior. Endogenous firing rates of dopamine cells in the VTA vary from fast phasic bursts to slow tonic activity. Artificial perturbations of the VTA, through electrical or optogenetic stimulation methods, generate different and sometimes even contrasting behavioral outcomes depending on stimulation parameters such as frequency, amplitude, and pulse width. Here, we investigate the global functional effects of electrical stimulation frequency (10, 20, 50, and 100 Hz) of the VTA in rhesus monkeys. We stimulated 2 animals with chronic electrodes, either awake or anesthetized, while concurrently acquiring whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. In the awake state, activity as a function of stimulation frequency followed an inverted U-shape in many cortical and subcortical structures, with highest activity observed at 20 and 50 Hz and lower activity at 10 and 100 Hz. Vacuolin-1 Under anesthesia, the hemodynamic responses in connected brain areas were slightly positive at 10 Hz stimulation, but decreased linearly as a function of higher stimulation frequencies. A speculative explanation for the remarkable frequency dependence of stimulation-induced fMRI activity is that the VTA makes use of different frequency channels to communicate with different postsynaptic sites. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.INTRODUCTION Future challenges for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) include operating in a contested environment against near-peer adversaries. Providing casualty care in an anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) region would be potentially challenged by impaired logistical ability to reconstitute supplies or adapt to evolving needs. Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, offers an ability to regenerate stocked items as well as modify them or even create novel products de novo. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article discusses relevant technology and applications for deployed medical forces. Additionally, as proof of concept, we outline our design process for a novel 3D-printed surgical retractor. RESULTS Our “Air Force Retractor” prototype highlights the potential of using AM to create or augment surgical instruments downrange. CONCLUSIONS This paper encourages further investigation of the use of AM/3D printing downrange to create surgical instruments and medical supplies in austere, A2/AD, and other logistically challenging environments. Not only would this support regeneration of supplies, but also modification and even creation of novel products to adapt to changing needs. If 3D files could be created of common surgical instruments for print on designated resins downrange, and FDA approval obtained, an online library of files could be created for easy access to DoD members across the globe to support our nation’s commitment to provide the best possible care for service members any time, any place. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2020. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.To better adapt transiently or lastingly to stimuli from the surrounding environment, the chromatin states in plant cells vary to allow the cells to fine tune their transcriptional profiles. Modifications in chromatin states include a wide range of histone post-transcriptional modifications, histone variants, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, which can arrange various chromatin states that epigenetically determine specific transcriptional outputs. Recent advancements in the area of -omics of major crops have facilitated identification of epigenetic marks and their effect on plant response to environmental stresses. As most of epigenetic mechanisms are known from studies in model plants, we summarize in this review recent epigenetic studies that may be important for improvement of crop adaptation and resilience to environmental changes, ultimately leading to the generation of stable climate-smart crops. This has paved the way to exploitation of epigenetic variation in crop breeding. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.